Merge pull request #123 from Servostar/integrate-library

Integrate library

.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+BasedOnStyle: Google
+IndentWidth: 4
+PointerAlignment: Left

.env

@@ -1 +1 @@
-SDK=0.2.4-alpine-3.19.1
+SDK=0.2.5-alpine-3.19.1

.gitignore

@@ -18,3 +18,4 @@ build
 CTestTestfile.cmake
 DartConfiguration.tcl
 *.cmake
+*.ll

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -72,9 +72,12 @@ add_custom_command(OUTPUT ${YACC_GENERATED_SOURCE_FILE}
 # Setup Glib 2.0                                   #
 # ------------------------------------------------ #
 
+include(FindPkgConfig)
 find_package(PkgConfig REQUIRED)
 pkg_search_module(GLIB REQUIRED IMPORTED_TARGET glib-2.0)
 
+link_libraries(PkgConfig::GLIB)
+
 # ------------------------------------------------ #
 #  TOML-C99                                        #
 # ------------------------------------------------ #
@@ -95,6 +98,30 @@ set_target_properties(tomlc99
 
 include_directories(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/dep/tomlc99)
 
+link_libraries(tomlc99)
+
+# ------------------------------------------------ #
+#  Standard library                                #
+# ------------------------------------------------ #
+
+add_subdirectory(lib)
+
+# ------------------------------------------------ #
+#  LLVM backend                                    #
+# ------------------------------------------------ #
+
+# Fetch LLVM link configuration
+execute_process(COMMAND llvm-config --libs all
+                OUTPUT_VARIABLE LLVM_LIBS)
+# Strip whitespace from output
+string(STRIP "${LLVM_LIBS}" LLVM_LIBS)
+# Link all targets to LLVM
+link_libraries(${LLVM_LIBS})
+
+execute_process(COMMAND llvm-config --includedir
+                OUTPUT_VARIABLE LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR)
+string(STRIP "${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR}" LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR)
+include_directories(${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR})
 
 # ------------------------------------------------ #
 #  Source                                          #
@@ -126,10 +153,6 @@ set_target_properties(release
         OUTPUT_NAME "gsc"
         RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/release)
 
-target_link_libraries(release PkgConfig::GLIB)
-
-target_link_libraries(release tomlc99)
-
 # FIXME: cannot compile with /O2 because of /RTC1 flag
 if (MSVC)
     set(RELEASE_FLAGS)
@@ -165,10 +188,6 @@ set_target_properties(debug
         OUTPUT_NAME "gsc"
         RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/debug)
 
-target_link_libraries(debug PkgConfig::GLIB)
-
-target_link_libraries(debug tomlc99)
-
 if (MSVC)
     set(DEBUG_FLAGS /DEBUG)
 else()
@@ -198,10 +217,6 @@ set_target_properties(check
         OUTPUT_NAME "gsc"
         RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/check)
 
-target_link_libraries(check PkgConfig::GLIB)
-
-target_link_libraries(check tomlc99)
-
 if (MSVC)
     set(CHECK_FLAGS /DEBUG /WX)
 else()

Dockerfile

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-FROM servostar/gemstone:sdk-0.2.4-alpine-3.19.1
+FROM servostar/gemstone:sdk-0.2.5-alpine-3.19.1
 LABEL authors="servostar"
-LABEL version="0.2.4"
+LABEL version="0.2.5"
 LABEL description="docker image for setting up the build pipeline on SDK"
 LABEL website="https://github.com/Servostar/gemstone"
 
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ COPY --chown=lorang CMakeLists.txt /home/lorang/
 COPY --chown=lorang run-check-test.sh /home/lorang/
 COPY --chown=lorang .env /home/lorang/
 COPY --chown=lorang run-docker-build.sh /home/lorang/
+COPY --chown=lorang run-lib-build.sh /home/lorang/
 COPY --chown=lorang dep /home/lorang/dep
+COPY --chown=lorang lib /home/lorang/lib
 COPY --chown=lorang .git /home/lorang/.git
 
 RUN cmake .

dep/lldcl/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.15...3.25)
+
+project(gemstone
+        VERSION 0.1.0
+        DESCRIPTION "programming language compiler lld c++ layer"
+        LANGUAGES CXX)
+
+set(GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/../../bin)
+
+set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)
+
+# ------------------------------------------------ #
+#  LLVM                                            #
+# ------------------------------------------------ #
+
+# Fetch LLVM link configuration
+execute_process(COMMAND llvm-config --libs all
+        OUTPUT_VARIABLE LLVM_LIBS)
+# Strip whitespace from output
+string(STRIP "${LLVM_LIBS}" LLVM_LIBS)
+# Link all targets to LLVM
+link_libraries(${LLVM_LIBS})
+
+execute_process(COMMAND llvm-config --includedir
+        OUTPUT_VARIABLE LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR)
+string(STRIP "${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR}" LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR)
+include_directories(${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR})
+
+file(GLOB_RECURSE SOURCE_FILES *.cpp)
+
+add_library(lldcl ${SOURCE_FILES})
+target_link_libraries(lldcl)
+set_target_properties(lldcl
+        PROPERTIES
+        OUTPUT_NAME "lldcl"
+        ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/dep)

dep/lldcl/lldcl.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 6/8/24.
+//
+// based on: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/main/lld/unittests/AsLibAll/AllDrivers.cpp
+//           https://github.com/numba/llvmlite/blob/main/ffi/linker.cpp
+
+#include <lld/Common/Driver.h>
+#include <llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h>
+
+/*
+ *  Gemstone supports Windows (COFF, MinGW) and GNU/Linux (ELF)
+ */
+
+LLD_HAS_DRIVER(coff)
+LLD_HAS_DRIVER(elf)
+LLD_HAS_DRIVER(mingw)
+// LLD_HAS_DRIVER(macho)
+// LLD_HAS_DRIVER(wasm)
+
+#define LLD_COFF_ELF_MINGW_DRIVER { {lld::WinLink, &lld::coff::link}, {lld::Gnu, &lld::elf::link}, {lld::MinGW, &lld::mingw::link} }
+
+extern "C" {
+
+/**
+ * @brief C-wrapper for lldMain which is written in C++
+ * @param Argc
+ * @param Argv
+ * @param outstr
+ * @return
+ */
+int lld_main(int Argc, const char **Argv, const char **outstr) {
+    // StdOut
+    std::string stdout;
+    llvm::raw_string_ostream stdout_stream(stdout);
+
+    // StdErr
+    std::string stderr;
+    llvm::raw_string_ostream stderr_stream(stderr);
+
+    // convert arguments
+    std::vector<const char *> Args(Argv, Argv + Argc);
+
+    lld::Result result = lld::lldMain(Args, stdout_stream, stderr_stream, LLD_COFF_ELF_MINGW_DRIVER);
+
+    *outstr = strdup(stderr.append(stdout).c_str());
+
+    return result.retCode;
+}
+
+} // extern "C"

examples/lib_common.c

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 6/10/24.
+//
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+extern void swap(float*, float*);
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+    float a = 2.0;
+    float b = 7.0;
+
+    swap(&a, &b);
+
+    printf("%f, %f\n", a, b);
+
+    return 0;
+}

examples/lib_common.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+fun swap(in out float: a, in out float: b) {
+    float: c = a
+    a = b
+    b = c
+}

examples/lib_fibonacci.c

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 6/10/24.
+//
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+extern void fib(int*, int);
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
+        int r = 0;
+        fib(&r, i);
+        printf("%d\n", r);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}

examples/lib_fibonacci.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+fun fib(in int: x, out int: c) {
+
+    int: i = 0
+    int: k = 1
+    int: p = 1
+
+    while x < i {
+        int: t = k
+        k = k + p
+        p = t
+
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+
+    c = k
+}

lib/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.15...3.25)
+
+project(gemstone_stdlib
+    VERSION 0.1.0
+    DESCRIPTION "gemstone programming language standard library"
+    LANGUAGES C)
+
+set(CMAKE_C_STANDARD 23)
+set(CMAKE_C_STANDARD_REQUIRED TRUE)
+
+set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)
+
+include_directories(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
+set(CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/../bin/std")
+
+# add native module libraries 
+
+file(GLOB_RECURSE STDLIB_IO_SOURCE_FILES src/io/*.c)
+add_library(io ${STDLIB_IO_SOURCE_FILES})
+
+file(GLOB_RECURSE STDLIB_MEM_SOURCE_FILES src/mem/*.c)
+add_library(mem ${STDLIB_MEM_SOURCE_FILES})
+
+file(GLOB_RECURSE STDLIB_OS_SOURCE_FILES src/os/*.c)
+add_library(os ${STDLIB_OS_SOURCE_FILES})

lib/build.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[project]
+name = "gemstone standard library"
+version = "0.1.0"
+description = "Cross platform standard library for thr gemstone programming language."
+license = "GPL-2.0"
+authors = [ "Sven Vogel <sven.vogel123@web.de>" ]
+
+[target.release]
+root = "src/std.gem"
+mode = "library"
+output = "bin"
+archive = "archive"
+print_ast = false
+print_asm = false
+print_ir = false
+opt = 3

lib/src/bool.gsc

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+
+import "def.gsc"
+
+type unsigned int: bool
+
+static bool: TRUE = 1
+static bool: FALSE = 0

lib/src/capi.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 6/3/24.
+//
+
+#ifndef GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_CAPI_H
+#define GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_CAPI_H
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined (_WIN64)
+#define PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+#elif defined(unix) || defined(__unix) || defined(__unix__) || defined(__linux__)
+#define PLATFORM_POSIX
+#endif
+
+#endif // GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_CAPI_H

lib/src/def.gsc

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# Author: Sven Vogel
+# Edited: 25.05.2024
+# License: GPL-2.0
+
+# ,----------------------------------------.
+# |       Standard Type definitions        |
+# `----------------------------------------`
+
+# Unsigned integrals
+
+type unsigned half half int: u8
+type unsigned half int: u16
+type unsigned int: u32
+type unsigned double int: u64
+type unsigned double double int: u128
+
+# Signed integrals
+
+type signed u8: i8
+type signed u16: i16
+type signed u32: i32
+type signed u64: i64
+type signed u128: i128
+
+# IEEE-754 floating point
+
+type signed half float: f16
+type signed float: f32
+type signed double float: f64
+type signed double double float: f128
+
+# String constant
+
+type ref u8: cstr
+
+# C style void pointer replacement
+
+type ref u8: ptr

lib/src/def/api.h

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// Author: Sven Vogel
+// Edited: 25.05.2024
+// License: GPL-2.0
+
+#ifndef GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_DEF_H_
+#define GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_DEF_H_
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+typedef uint8_t u8;
+typedef uint16_t u16;
+typedef uint32_t u32;
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+
+typedef int8_t i8;
+typedef int16_t i16;
+typedef int32_t i32;
+typedef int64_t i64;
+
+typedef float f32;
+typedef double f64;
+
+typedef u8* cstr;
+
+typedef u8* ptr;
+
+#endif // GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_DEF_H_

lib/src/entry/entrypoint.c

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 6/10/24.
+//
+
+extern void entry(void);
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+    entry();
+    return 0;
+}

lib/src/io.gsc

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Author: Sven Vogel
+# Edited: 25.05.2024
+# License: GPL-2.0
+
+# ,----------------------------------------.
+# |         Generic Input/Output           |
+# `----------------------------------------`
+
+import "def.gsc"
+
+# platform specific handle to an I/O device
+# can be a file, buffer, window or something else
+# NOTE: this reference is not meant to be dereferenced
+#       which can lead to errors and undefined behavior
+type ptr: handle
+
+# Returns a handle to this processes standard input I/O handle
+# -- Implementation note
+# On Linux this will return 0 as is it convention under UNIX (see: https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/stdin.3.html)
+# On Windows the library will call `GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)`
+fun getStdinHandle(out handle: stdin)
+
+# Returns a handle to this processes standard input I/O handle
+# -- Implementation note
+# On Linux this will return 1 as is it convention under UNIX (see: https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/stdout.3.html)
+# On Windows the library will call `GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)`
+fun getStdoutHandle(out handle: stdout)
+
+# Returns a handle to this processes standard input I/O handle
+# -- Implementation note
+# On Linux this will return 1 as is it convention under UNIX (see: https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/stderr.3.html)
+# On Windows the library will call `GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)`
+fun getStderrHandle(out handle: stderr)
+
+# Write `len` number of bytes from `buf` into the I/O resource specified
+# by `dev`. Returns the number of bytes written.
+# -- Implementation note
+# On Linux this will use the syscall write
+# On Windows this will use the WriteFile function
+fun writeBytes(in handle: dev, in ref u8: buf, in u32: len)(out u32: written)
+
+# Read atmost `len` bytes to `buf` from the I/O resource specified by `dev`
+# Returns the number of read bytes in `written`
+# -- Implementation note
+# On Linux this will use the syscall read
+# On Windows this will use the ReadFile function
+fun readBytes(in handle: dev, in ref u8: buf, in u32: len)(out u32: read)
+
+# Flushes the buffers of the I/O resource specified by `dev`
+# -- Implementation note
+# On Linux this will use the fsync function
+# On Windows this will use the FlushFileBuffers function
+fun flush(in handle: dev)

lib/src/io/api.h

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+
+#ifndef GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_IO_H_
+#define GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_IO_H_
+
+#include <def/api.h>
+
+typedef ptr handle;
+
+void getStdinHandle(handle* stdin);
+
+void getStdoutHandle(handle* stdout);
+
+void getStderrHandle(handle* stderr);
+
+void writeBytes(handle dev, u8* buf, u32 len, u32* written);
+
+void readBytes(handle dev, u8* buf, u32 len, u32* read);
+
+void flush(handle dev);
+
+#endif //GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_IO_H_

lib/src/io/impl.c

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+
+#include <io/api.h>
+#include <capi.h>
+
+#if defined(PLATFORM_WINDOWS)
+
+// Compile for Windows
+
+#include <Windows.h>
+
+// FIXME: error in case GetStdHandle return INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE 
+// FIXME: error in case functions return 0 
+
+void getStdinHandle(handle* stdin) {
+    *stdin = (handle) GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE);
+}
+
+void getStdoutHandle(handle* stdout) {
+    *stdout = (handle) GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
+}
+
+void getStderrHandle(handle* stderr) {
+    *stderr = (handle) GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
+}
+
+void writeBytes(handle dev, u8* buf, u32 len, u32* bytesWritten) {
+    WriteFile((HANDLE) dev, buf, len, bytesRead, NULL);
+}
+
+void readBytes(handle dev, u8* buf, u32 len, u32* bytesRead) {
+    ReadFile((HANDLE) dev, buf, len, bytesRead, NULL);
+}
+
+void flush(handle dev) {
+    FlushFileBuffers((HANDLE) dev);
+}
+
+#elif defined(PLATFORM_POSIX)
+
+// Compile for Linux and BSD
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+// savely cast a 64-bit pointer down to a 32-bit value
+// this assumes that 64-bit system will use 32-bit handles
+// which are stored as 64-bit by zero extending
+#define TO_INT(x) ((int)(long int)(x))
+
+void getStdinHandle(handle* stdin) {
+    *stdin = (handle) STDIN_FILENO;
+}
+
+void getStdoutHandle(handle* stdout) {
+    *stdout = (handle) STDOUT_FILENO;
+}
+
+void getStderrHandle(handle* stderr) {
+    *stderr = (handle) STDERR_FILENO;
+}
+
+void writeBytes(handle dev, u8* buf, u32 len, u32* bytesWritten) {
+    *bytesWritten = write(TO_INT(dev), buf, len);
+}
+
+void readBytes(handle dev, u8* buf, u32 len, u32* bytesRead) {
+    *bytesRead = read(TO_INT(dev), buf, len);
+}
+
+void flush(handle dev) {
+    fsync(TO_INT(dev));
+}
+
+
+#endif

lib/src/mem.gsc

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Author: Sven Vogel
+# Edited: 25.05.2024
+# License: GPL-2.0
+
+# ,----------------------------------------.
+# |            Memory Management           |
+# `----------------------------------------`
+
+import "def.gsc"
+
+# Allocate `len` bytes of heap memory
+# Returns a pointer to the memory as `ptr`
+fun heap_alloc(in u32: len)(out ref u8: ptr)
+
+# Rellocate `len` bytes of heap memory
+# Returns a pointer to the memory as `ptr`
+fun heap_realloc(in u32: len, in out ref u8: ptr)
+
+# Free a block of memory
+fun heap_free(in ref u8: ptr)
+
+# Copy `len` bytes from `dst` into `src`
+fun copy(in ref u8: dst, in ref u8: src, in u32: len)
+
+# Fill `len` bytes of `dst` with `byte`
+fun fill(in ref u8: dst, in u8: byte, in u32: len)
+

lib/src/mem/api.h

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+#ifndef GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_MEM_H_
+#define GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_MEM_H_
+
+#include <def/api.h>
+
+void heap_alloc(u32 len, u8** ptr);
+
+void heap_realloc(u32 len, u8** ptr);
+
+void heap_free(u8* ptr);
+
+void copy(u8* dst, u8* src, u32 len);
+
+void fill(u8* dst, u8 byte, u32 len);
+
+#endif // GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_MEM_H_

lib/src/mem/impl.c

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+
+#include <mem/api.h>
+#include <capi.h>
+
+#if defined(PLATFORM_WINDOWS)
+
+#include <Windows.h>
+
+#define HEAP_API_GLOBAL_FLAGS HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY | HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS
+
+void heap_alloc(u32 len, u8** ptr) {
+    HANDLE heap = GetProcessHeap();
+    *ptr = HeapAlloc(heap, HEAP_API_GLOBAL_FLAGS, len);
+}
+
+void heap_realloc(u32 len, u8** ptr) {
+    HANDLE heap = GetProcessHeap();
+    *ptr = HeapReAlloc(heap, HEAP_API_GLOBAL_FLAGS, *ptr, len);
+}
+
+void heap_free(u8* ptr) {
+    HANDLE heap = GetProcessHeap();
+    HeapFree(heap, ptr);
+}
+
+#elif defined(PLATFORM_POSIX)
+
+#include <malloc.h>
+
+void heap_alloc(u32 len, u8** ptr) {
+    *ptr = malloc(len);
+}
+
+void heap_realloc(u32 len, u8** ptr) {
+    *ptr = realloc(*ptr, len);
+}
+
+void heap_free(u8* ptr) {
+    free(ptr);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+void copy(u8* dst, u8* src, u32 len) {
+    memcpy(dst, src, len);
+}
+
+void fill(u8* dst, u8 byte, u32 len) {
+    memset(dst, byte, len);
+}

lib/src/os.gsc

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Author: Sven Vogel
+# Edited: 03.06.2024
+# License: GPL-2.0
+
+# ,----------------------------------------.
+# |           Operating System             |
+# `----------------------------------------`
+
+import "def.gsc"
+
+# Return a hard coded C string identifying the underlying operating system
+# Will return one of the following:
+#  - "windows" (for Windows 7, Windows 10 and Windows 11)
+#  - "unix" (for GNU/Linux and BSD)
+fun getPlatformName(out cstr: name)
+
+# Return a C string to the value of an environment varible named
+# after the C string name.
+fun getEnvVar(in cstr: name)(out cstr: value)
+
+# Set the value of an environment variable with name to value.
+fun setEnvVar(in cstr: name, in cstr: value)
+
+# Unset a specific environment variable
+fun unsetEnvVar(in cstr: name)

lib/src/os/api.h

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 6/3/24.
+//
+
+#ifndef GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_OS_H
+#define GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_OS_H
+
+#include <def/api.h>
+
+void getPlatformName(cstr* name);
+
+void getEnvVar(cstr name, cstr* value);
+
+void setEnvVar(cstr name, cstr value);
+
+void unsetEnvVar(cstr name);
+
+#endif // GEMSTONE_STD_LIB_OS_H

lib/src/os/impl.c

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 6/3/24.
+//
+
+#include <capi.h>
+#include <os/api.h>
+
+#if defined(PLATFORM_WINDOWS)
+
+void getPlatformName(cstr* name) {
+    *name = (u8*) "windows";
+}
+
+#elif defined(PLATFORM_POSIX)
+
+void getPlatformName(cstr * name) {
+    *name = (u8*) "posix";
+}
+
+#endif
+
+// Implementation based on libc
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+void getEnvVar(cstr name, cstr* value) {
+    *value = (cstr) getenv((char*) name);
+}
+
+void setEnvVar(cstr name, cstr value) {
+    setenv((char*) name, (char*) value, true);
+}
+
+void unsetEnvVar(cstr name) {
+    unsetenv((char*) name);
+}

lib/src/std.gsc

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Author: Sven Vogel
+# Edited: 25.05.2024
+# License: GPL-2.0
+
+# ,----------------------------------------.
+# |       Gemstone Standard Library        |
+# `----------------------------------------`
+
+# standard type definitions
+import "def.gsc"
+
+# I/O operations
+import "io.gsc"
+
+# memory management
+import "mem.gsc"

run-check-test.sh

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ if [ ! $? -eq 0 ]; then
   exit 1
 fi
 
+sh -c ./run-lib-build.sh
+
 echo "+--------------------------------------+"
 echo "| RUNNING CODE CHECK                   |"
 echo "+--------------------------------------+"

run-docker-build.sh

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ echo "+--------------------------------------+"
 echo "| RUNNING check test                   |"
 echo "+--------------------------------------+"
 
-docker run servostar/gemstone:devkit-"$SDK" sh run-check-test.sh
+docker run --rm --name "devkit-$SDK-check-test"- servostar/gemstone:devkit-"$SDK" sh run-check-test.sh
 if [ ! $? -eq 0 ]; then
   echo "===> failed to run build or checks"
   exit 1

run-lib-build.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# Author: Sven Vogel
+# Created: 25.05.2024
+# Description: Builds the standard library into bin/std
+
+echo "+--------------------------------------+"
+echo "| CONFIGURE STD LIBRARY                |"
+echo "+--------------------------------------+"
+
+cmake lib
+if [ ! $? -eq 0 ]; then
+  echo "===> failed to configure build"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "+--------------------------------------+"
+echo "| BUILD STD LIBRARY                    |"
+echo "+--------------------------------------+"
+
+cd lib || exit 1
+make -B
+if [ ! $? -eq 0 ]; then
+  echo "===> failed to build standard library"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "+--------------------------------------+"
+echo "| successfully build standard library  |"
+echo "+--------------------------------------+"

sdk/Dockerfile

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 FROM alpine:3.19.1
 LABEL authors="servostar"
-LABEL version="0.2.4"
+LABEL version="0.2.5"
 LABEL description="base image for building the gemstone programming language compiler"
 LABEL website="https://github.com/Servostar/gemstone"
 
 # install dependencies
-RUN apk add build-base gcc make cmake bison flex git python3 graphviz glib glib-dev
+RUN apk add build-base gcc make cmake bison flex git python3 graphviz glib glib-dev llvm17-libs llvm17-dev
 
 # create user for build
 RUN adduser --disabled-password lorang

src/ast/ast.c

@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(TokenLocation location, enum AST_SyntaxElement_t
 
     // init to discrete state
     node->parent = NULL;
-    node->children = NULL;
+    node->children = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceAst, sizeof(AST_NODE_PTR));
-    node->child_count = 0;
     node->kind = kind;
     node->value = value;
     node->location = location;
@@ -131,17 +130,6 @@ void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child) {
     assert(owner != NULL);
     assert(child != NULL);
 
-    // if there are no children for now
-    if (owner->child_count == 0) {
-        DEBUG("Allocating new children array");
-        owner->children = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceAst, sizeof(struct AST_Node_t *));
-
-    } else {
-        DEBUG("Rellocating old children array");
-        const size_t size = sizeof(struct AST_Node_t *) * (owner->child_count + 1);
-        owner->children = mem_realloc(MemoryNamespaceAst, owner->children, size);
-    }
-
     if (owner->children == NULL) {
         PANIC("failed to allocate children array of AST node");
     }
@@ -152,22 +140,26 @@ void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child) {
     owner->location.col_start = min(owner->location.col_start, child->location.col_start);
     owner->location.line_start = min(owner->location.line_start, child->location.line_start);
 
+    if (owner->location.file == NULL) {
+        owner->location.file = child->location.file;
+    }
+
     assert(owner->children != NULL);
 
-    owner->children[owner->child_count++] = child;
+    g_array_append_val(owner->children, child);
 }
 
 struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, const size_t idx) {
     DEBUG("retrvieng node %d from %p", idx, owner);
     assert(owner != NULL);
     assert(owner->children != NULL);
-    assert(idx < owner->child_count);
+    assert(idx < owner->children->len);
 
     if (owner->children == NULL) {
         PANIC("AST owner node has no children");
     }
 
-    struct AST_Node_t *child = owner->children[idx];
+    AST_NODE_PTR child = g_array_index(owner->children, AST_NODE_PTR, idx);
 
     if (child == NULL) {
         PANIC("child node is NULL");
@@ -179,19 +171,13 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, const size_t idx) {
 struct AST_Node_t* AST_remove_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, const size_t idx) {
     assert(owner != NULL);
     assert(owner->children != NULL);
-    assert(idx < owner->child_count);
+    assert(idx < owner->children->len);
 
-    struct AST_Node_t* child = owner->children[idx];
+    AST_NODE_PTR child = g_array_index(owner->children, AST_NODE_PTR, idx);
+    g_array_remove_index(owner->children, idx);
 
     child->parent = NULL;
 
-    owner->child_count--;
-
-    // shift back every following element by one
-    for (size_t i = idx; i < owner->child_count; i++) {
-        owner->children[i] = owner->children[i + 1];
-    }
-
     return child;
 }
 
@@ -200,8 +186,8 @@ struct AST_Node_t* AST_detach_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, const struct AST_N
     assert(child != NULL);
     assert(owner->children != NULL);
 
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < owner->child_count; i++) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < owner->children->len; i++) {
-        if (owner->children[i] == child) {
+        if (g_array_index(owner->children, AST_NODE_PTR, i) == child) {
             return AST_remove_child(owner, i);
         }
     }
@@ -221,10 +207,10 @@ void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *node) {
     }
 
     if (node->children != NULL) {
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < AST_get_child_count(node); i++) {
             // prevent detach of children node
-            node->children[i]->parent = NULL;
+            AST_get_node(node, i)->parent = NULL;
-            AST_delete_node(node->children[i]);
+            AST_delete_node(AST_get_node(node, i));
         }
         mem_free(node->children);
     }
@@ -242,8 +228,8 @@ static void AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(struct AST_Node_t *root,
 
     (for_each)(root, depth);
 
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < root->child_count; i++) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < root->children->len; i++) {
-        AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(root->children[i], for_each, depth + 1);
+        AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(g_array_index(root->children, AST_NODE_PTR, i), for_each, depth + 1);
     }
 }
 
@@ -270,8 +256,8 @@ static void AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(FILE* stream, const struct AST_N
         return;
     }
 
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < node->children->len; i++) {
-        AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(stream, node->children[i]);
+        AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(stream, g_array_index(node->children, AST_NODE_PTR, i));
     }
 }
 
@@ -285,9 +271,10 @@ static void AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(FILE* stream, const struct AST_N
         return;
     }
 
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < node->children->len; i++) {
-        fprintf(stream, "\tnode%p -- node%p\n", (void*) node, (void*) node->children[i]);
+        AST_NODE_PTR child = g_array_index(node->children, AST_NODE_PTR, i);
-        AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(stream, node->children[i]);
+        fprintf(stream, "\tnode%p -- node%p\n", (void*) node, (void*) child);
+        AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(stream, child);
     }
 }
 
@@ -304,3 +291,45 @@ void AST_fprint_graphviz(FILE* stream, const struct AST_Node_t* root) {
 
     fprintf(stream, "}\n");
 }
+
+AST_NODE_PTR AST_get_node_by_kind(AST_NODE_PTR owner, enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < owner->children->len; i++) {
+    AST_NODE_PTR child = AST_get_node(owner, i);
+
+    if (child->kind == kind) {
+      return child;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+void AST_merge_modules(AST_NODE_PTR dst, size_t k, AST_NODE_PTR src) {
+    assert(dst != NULL);
+    assert(src != NULL);
+
+    size_t elements = src->children->len;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < elements; i++) {
+        AST_insert_node(dst, k + i, AST_remove_child(src, 0));
+    }
+    AST_delete_node(src);
+}
+
+void AST_insert_node(AST_NODE_PTR owner, size_t idx, AST_NODE_PTR child) {
+    assert(owner != NULL);
+    assert(child != NULL);
+
+    DEBUG("Reallocating old children array");
+
+    g_array_insert_val(owner->children, idx, child);
+}
+
+size_t AST_get_child_count(AST_NODE_PTR node) {
+    return node->children->len;
+}
+
+AST_NODE_PTR AST_get_last_node(AST_NODE_PTR node) {
+    assert(node != NULL);
+
+    return g_array_index(node->children, AST_NODE_PTR, node->children->len - 1);
+}

src/ast/ast.h

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ enum AST_SyntaxElement_t {
  *  - kind: The type of the node. Such as AST_Expr, AST_Add, ...
  *  - value: A string representing an optional value. Can be a integer literal for kind AST_int
  */
-struct AST_Node_t {
+typedef struct AST_Node_t {
     // parent node that owns this node
     struct AST_Node_t *parent;
 
@@ -100,12 +100,9 @@ struct AST_Node_t {
 
     TokenLocation location;
 
-    // number of child nodes ownd by this node
+    // children array
-    // length of children array
+    GArray* children;
-    size_t child_count;
+} AST_Node;
-    // variable amount of child nodes
-    struct AST_Node_t **children;
-};
 
 /**
  * Shorthand type for a single AST node
@@ -199,6 +196,8 @@ struct AST_Node_t* AST_detach_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, const struct AST_N
 [[gnu::nonnull(1)]]
 struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx);
 
+AST_NODE_PTR AST_get_last_node(AST_NODE_PTR node);
+
 /**
  * @brief Execute a function for every child, grandchild, ... and the supplied node as topmost ancestor
  * @param root the root to recursively execute a function for
@@ -219,4 +218,14 @@ void AST_visit_nodes_recurse(struct AST_Node_t *root,
 [[gnu::nonnull(1), gnu::nonnull(2)]]
 void AST_fprint_graphviz(FILE* stream, const struct AST_Node_t* node);
 
+AST_NODE_PTR AST_get_node_by_kind(AST_NODE_PTR owner, enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind);
+
+[[gnu::nonnull(1), gnu::nonnull(3)]]
+void AST_merge_modules(AST_NODE_PTR dst, size_t i, AST_NODE_PTR src);
+
+[[gnu::nonnull(1), gnu::nonnull(3)]]
+void AST_insert_node(AST_NODE_PTR owner, size_t idx, AST_NODE_PTR child);
+
+size_t AST_get_child_count(AST_NODE_PTR node);
+
 #endif

src/cfg/opt.c

@@ -103,6 +103,10 @@ TargetConfig* default_target_config() {
     config->output_directory = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceOpt, "bin");
     config->optimization_level = 1;
     config->root_module = NULL;
+    config->link_search_paths = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(char*));
+    config->lld_fatal_warnings = FALSE;
+    config->gsc_fatal_warnings = FALSE;
+    config->import_paths = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceOpt, sizeof(char*));
 
     return config;
 }
@@ -112,6 +116,16 @@ TargetConfig* default_target_config_from_args() {
 
     TargetConfig* config = default_target_config();
 
+    gboolean fatal_warnings = is_option_set("all-fatal-warnings");
+
+    if (fatal_warnings || is_option_set("lld-fatal-warnings")) {
+        config->lld_fatal_warnings = true;
+    }
+
+    if (fatal_warnings || is_option_set("gsc-fatal-warnings")) {
+        config->gsc_fatal_warnings = true;
+    }
+
     if (is_option_set("print-ast")) {
         config->print_ast = true;
     }
@@ -146,6 +160,40 @@ TargetConfig* default_target_config_from_args() {
         }
     }
 
+    // TODO: free vvvvvvvvvvvvv
+    char* cwd = g_get_current_dir();
+    g_array_append_val(config->link_search_paths, cwd);
+
+    if (is_option_set("link-paths")) {
+        const Option* opt = get_option("link-paths");
+
+        if (opt->value != NULL) {
+
+            const char* start = opt->value;
+            const char* end = NULL;
+            while((end = strchr(start, ',')) != NULL) {
+
+                const int len = end - start;
+                char* link_path = malloc(len + 1);
+                memcpy(link_path, start, len);
+                link_path[len] = 0;
+
+                g_array_append_val(config->link_search_paths, link_path);
+
+                start = end;
+            }
+
+            const int len = strlen(start);
+            if (len > 0) {
+                char* link_path = malloc(len + 1);
+                memcpy(link_path, start, len);
+                link_path[len] = 0;
+
+                g_array_append_val(config->link_search_paths, link_path);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     GArray* files = get_non_options_after("compile");
 
     if (files == NULL) {
@@ -161,6 +209,9 @@ TargetConfig* default_target_config_from_args() {
         g_array_free(files, TRUE);
     }
 
+    char* default_import_path = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceOpt, ".");
+    g_array_append_val(config->import_paths, default_import_path);
+
     return config;
 }
 
@@ -173,17 +224,23 @@ void print_help(void) {
         "Compile non-project file: gsc compile <target-options> [file]",
         "Output information: gsc <option>",
         "Target options:",
-        "    --print-ast      print resulting abstract syntax tree to a file",
+        "    --print-ast           print resulting abstract syntax tree to a file",
-        "    --print-asm      print resulting assembly language to a file",
+        "    --print-asm           print resulting assembly language to a file",
-        "    --print-ir       print resulting LLVM-IR to a file",
+        "    --print-ir            print resulting LLVM-IR to a file",
-        "    --mode=[app|lib] set the compilation mode to either application or library",
+        "    --mode=[app|lib]      set the compilation mode to either application or library",
-        "    --output=name    name of output files without extension",
+        "    --output=name         name of output files without extension",
+        "    --link-paths=[paths,] set a list of directories to for libraries in",
+        "    --all-fatal-warnings  treat all warnings as errors",
+        "    --lld-fatal-warnings  treat linker warnings as errors",
+        "    --gsc-fatal-warnings  treat parser warnings as errors",
         "Options:",
-        "    --verbose            print logs with level information or higher",
+        "    --verbose        print logs with level information or higher",
-        "    --debug              print debug logs (if not disabled at compile time)",
+        "    --debug          print debug logs (if not disabled at compile time)",
-        "    --version            print the version",
+        "    --version        print the version",
-        "    --help               print this hel dialog",
+        "    --list-targets   print a list of all available targets supported",
-        "    --print-memory-stats print statistics of the garbage collector"
+        "    --help           print this help dialog",
+        "    --color-always   always colorize output",
+        "    --print-gc-stats print statistics of the garbage collector"
     };
 
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < sizeof(lines) / sizeof(const char *); i++) {
@@ -289,6 +346,8 @@ static int parse_target(const ProjectConfig *config, const toml_table_t *target_
     get_str(&target_config->root_module, target_table, "root");
     get_str(&target_config->output_directory, target_table, "output");
     get_str(&target_config->archive_directory, target_table, "archive");
+    get_bool(&target_config->lld_fatal_warnings, target_table, "lld_fatal_warnings");
+    get_bool(&target_config->gsc_fatal_warnings, target_table, "gsc_fatal_warnings");
 
     get_int(&target_config->optimization_level, target_table, "opt");
 
@@ -374,6 +433,12 @@ void delete_target_config(TargetConfig* config) {
     if (config->output_directory != NULL) {
         mem_free(config->output_directory);
     }
+    if (config->link_search_paths) {
+        for (guint i = 0; i < config->link_search_paths->len; i++) {
+            free(g_array_index(config->link_search_paths, char*, i));
+        }
+        g_array_free(config->link_search_paths, TRUE);
+    }
     mem_free(config);
 }
 

src/cfg/opt.h

@@ -16,6 +16,16 @@
 
 #define TOML_ERROR_MSG_BUF 256
 
+typedef struct TargetLinkConfig_t {
+    // name of object files to link
+    GArray* object_file_names;
+    // treat warnings as errors
+    gboolean fatal_warnings;
+    // colorize linker output
+    bool colorize;
+    char* output_file;
+} TargetLinkConfig;
+
 typedef enum TargetCompilationMode_t {
     // output an executable binary
     Application,
@@ -44,6 +54,14 @@ typedef struct TargetConfig_t {
     TargetCompilationMode mode;
     // number between 1 and 3
     int optimization_level;
+    // path to look for object files
+    // (can be extra library paths, auto included is output_directory)
+    GArray* link_search_paths;
+    // treat linker warnings as errors
+    bool lld_fatal_warnings;
+    // treat parser warnings as errors
+    bool gsc_fatal_warnings;
+    GArray* import_paths;
 } TargetConfig;
 
 /**

src/codegen/backend.c

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+
+#include "set/types.h"
+#include <codegen/backend.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+
+static struct CodegenBackend_t {
+    codegen_init init_func;
+    codegen_deinit deinit_func;
+    codegen codegen_func;
+    const char* name;
+} CodegenBackend;
+
+BackendError new_backend_error(BackendErrorKind kind) {
+    BackendError error;
+    error.kind = kind;
+    error.impl.ast_node = NULL;
+    error.impl.message = NULL;
+
+    return error;
+}
+
+BackendError new_backend_impl_error(BackendErrorKind kind, AST_NODE_PTR node, const char* message) {
+    BackendError error;
+    error.kind = kind;
+    error.impl.ast_node = node;
+    error.impl.message = message;
+
+    return error;
+}
+
+BackendError init_backend(void) {
+    DEBUG("initializing backend: %s", CodegenBackend.name);
+
+    if (CodegenBackend.init_func == NULL) {
+        ERROR("backend: %s is not properly initialized", CodegenBackend.name);
+        return new_backend_error(NoBackend);
+    }
+
+    BackendError code = CodegenBackend.init_func();
+
+    if (code.kind != Success) {
+        ERROR("failed to initialize backend: %s with code: %ld", CodegenBackend.name, code);
+        return code;
+    }
+
+    return new_backend_error(Success);
+}
+
+BackendError deinit_backend(void) {
+    DEBUG("undoing initializing of backend: %s", CodegenBackend.name);
+
+    if (CodegenBackend.deinit_func == NULL) {
+        ERROR("backend: %s is not properly initialized", CodegenBackend.name);
+        return new_backend_error(NoBackend);
+    }
+
+    BackendError code = CodegenBackend.deinit_func();
+
+    if (code.kind != Success) {
+        ERROR("failed to undo initialization of backend: %s with code: %ld", CodegenBackend.name, code);
+        return code;
+    }
+
+    return new_backend_error(Success);
+}
+
+BackendError set_backend(const codegen_init init_func, const codegen_deinit deinit_func, const codegen codegen_func, const char* name) {
+    CodegenBackend.init_func = init_func;
+    CodegenBackend.deinit_func = deinit_func;
+    CodegenBackend.codegen_func = codegen_func;
+    CodegenBackend.name = name;
+
+    return new_backend_error(Success);
+}
+
+BackendError generate_code(const Module* root, const TargetConfig* target) {
+    DEBUG("generating code with backend: %s", CodegenBackend.name);
+
+    if (CodegenBackend.codegen_func == NULL) {
+        ERROR("backend: %s is not properly initialized", CodegenBackend.name);
+        return new_backend_error(NoBackend);
+    }
+
+    BackendError code = CodegenBackend.codegen_func(root, target);
+    if (code.kind) {
+        ERROR("code generation of backend: %s failed with code: %ld `%s`", CodegenBackend.name, code, code.impl.message);
+        return code;
+    }
+
+    return new_backend_error(Success);
+}

src/codegen/backend.h

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+
+#ifndef CODEGN_BACKEND_H_
+#define CODEGN_BACKEND_H_
+
+#include <set/types.h>
+#include <ast/ast.h>
+#include <cfg/opt.h>
+
+typedef struct BackendImplError_t {
+    // faulty AST node
+    AST_NODE_PTR ast_node;
+    // error message
+    const char* message;
+} BackendImplError;
+
+typedef enum BackendErrorKind_t {
+    Success,
+    NoBackend,
+    BackendAlreadySet,
+    Unimplemented,
+    // some error occurred in the backend implementation
+    Implementation
+} BackendErrorKind;
+
+typedef struct BackendError_t {
+    BackendErrorKind kind;
+    BackendImplError impl;
+} BackendError;
+
+/**
+ * @brief Function called by the compiler backend to generate an intermediate format
+ *        from AST. Returns a custom container for its intermediate language.
+ */
+typedef BackendError (*codegen)(const Module*, const TargetConfig* target);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Initialize the code generation backend.
+ */
+typedef BackendError (*codegen_init)(void);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Undo initialization of code generation backend.
+ */
+typedef BackendError (*codegen_deinit)(void);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Set the backend functions to use
+ * 
+ * @param init_func the function to call for initializing the backend 
+ * @param deinit_func the function to call for undoing the initialization of the backend 
+ * @param codegen_func the function to call when generating code
+ * @param name name of the backend
+ */
+[[nodiscard]]
+[[gnu::nonnull(1), gnu::nonnull(2), gnu::nonnull(3), gnu::nonnull(3)]]
+BackendError set_backend(const codegen_init init_func, const codegen_deinit deinit_func, const codegen codegen_func, const char* name);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Call the initialization function of the backend
+ * 
+ * @return BackendError 
+ */
+[[nodiscard]]
+BackendError init_backend(void);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Call the undo initialization function of the backend
+ * 
+ * @return BackendError 
+ */
+[[nodiscard]]
+BackendError deinit_backend(void);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Generate intermediate code with the registered backend
+ * 
+ * @param root the root node of the AST
+ * @param code output pointer to the intermediate code
+ * @return BackendError 
+ */
+[[nodiscard]]
+BackendError generate_code(const Module* root, const TargetConfig* target);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Create a new backend error
+ * 
+ * @param kind must ne != Implementation
+ * @return BackendError 
+ */
+BackendError new_backend_error(BackendErrorKind kind);
+
+BackendError new_backend_impl_error(BackendErrorKind kind, AST_NODE_PTR node, const char* message);
+
+#define SUCCESS new_backend_error(Success)
+
+#endif // CODEGN_BACKEND_H_

src/compiler.c

@@ -11,7 +11,12 @@
 #include <io/files.h>
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <cfg/opt.h>
+#include <codegen/backend.h>
+#include <llvm/backend.h>
 #include <mem/cache.h>
+#include <set/set.h>
+
+#define GRAPHVIZ_FILE_EXTENSION "gv"
 
 extern void yyrestart(FILE *);
 
@@ -52,14 +57,14 @@ static int compile_file_to_ast(AST_NODE_PTR ast, ModuleFile *file) {
     yyrestart(yyin);
     lex_reset();
 
-    yyparse();
+    int status = yyparse();
 
     // clean up global state
     // current_file = NULL;
     root = NULL;
     yyin = NULL;
 
-    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+    return status;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -93,6 +98,8 @@ static int setup_target_environment(const TargetConfig *target) {
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
 
+    INFO("setup environment successfully");
+
     return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
 
@@ -101,29 +108,134 @@ static int setup_target_environment(const TargetConfig *target) {
  * @param ast
  * @param target
  */
-static void print_ast_to_file(const AST_NODE_PTR ast, const TargetConfig *target) {
+static void print_ast_to_file(AST_NODE_PTR ast, const TargetConfig *target) {
     assert(ast != NULL);
     assert(target != NULL);
+    DEBUG("printing AST to file: %s", target->name);
 
-    if (!target->print_ast)
+    if (!target->print_ast) {
+        INFO("no need to print AST");
         return;
+    }
 
     // create file path to write graphviz to
-    const char *path = make_file_path(target->name, ".gv", 1, target->archive_directory);
+    // basename of ile
+    char* filename = g_strjoin(".", target->name, GRAPHVIZ_FILE_EXTENSION, NULL);
+    // relative path to file
+    char *path = g_build_filename(target->archive_directory, filename, NULL);
 
-    FILE *output = fopen((const char *) path, "w");
+    DEBUG("Opening file to graph: %s", path);
+
+    FILE *output = fopen(path, "w");
     if (output == NULL) {
-        const char *message = get_last_error();
+        char *message = (char*) get_last_error();
         print_message(Error, "Unable to open file for syntax tree at: %s: %s", path, message);
-        free((void *) message);
+        free(message);
     } else {
+        DEBUG("writing graph to file...");
 
         AST_fprint_graphviz(output, ast);
 
         fclose(output);
+
+        print_message(Info, "AST graph was written to: %s", path);
     }
 
-    free((void *) path);
+    g_free(filename);
+    g_free(path);
+}
+
+static void run_backend_codegen(const Module* module, const TargetConfig* target) {
+    DEBUG("initializing LLVM codegen backend...");
+    llvm_backend_init();
+
+    DEBUG("initiializing backend for codegen...");
+    BackendError err = init_backend();
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG("generating code...");
+    err = generate_code(module, target);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        print_message(Error, "Backend failed: %s", err.impl.message);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    print_message(Info, "Compilation finished successfully");
+
+    err = deinit_backend();
+}
+
+const char* get_absolute_import_path(const TargetConfig* config, const char* import_target_name) {
+    INFO("resolving absolute path for import target: %s", import_target_name);
+
+    for (guint i = 0; i < config->import_paths->len; i++) {
+        const char* import_directory_path = g_array_index(config->import_paths, char*, i);
+
+        char* path = g_build_filename(import_directory_path, import_target_name, NULL);
+        char* cwd = g_get_current_dir();
+        char* canonical = g_canonicalize_filename(path, cwd);
+
+        const gboolean exists = g_file_test(canonical, G_FILE_TEST_EXISTS);
+        const gboolean is_dir = g_file_test(canonical, G_FILE_TEST_IS_DIR);
+
+        g_free(path);
+        g_free(cwd);
+
+        if (exists && !is_dir) {
+            INFO("import target found at: %s", canonical);
+            return canonical;
+        }
+
+        g_free(canonical);
+    }
+
+    // file not found
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static int compile_module_with_dependencies(ModuleFileStack *unit, ModuleFile* file, const TargetConfig *target, AST_NODE_PTR root_module) {
+
+    GHashTable* imports = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceAst, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+
+    if (compile_file_to_ast(root_module, file) == EXIT_SUCCESS) {
+
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < AST_get_child_count(root_module); i++) {
+            AST_NODE_PTR child = AST_get_node(root_module, i);
+
+            if (child->kind == AST_Import) {
+
+                const char* path = get_absolute_import_path(target, child->value);
+                if (path == NULL) {
+                    print_message(Error, "Cannot resolve path for import: `%s`", child->value);
+                    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+                if (g_hash_table_contains(imports, path)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                ModuleFile *imported_file = push_file(unit, path);
+                AST_NODE_PTR imported_module = AST_new_node(empty_location(imported_file), AST_Module, NULL);
+
+                if (compile_file_to_ast(imported_module, imported_file) == EXIT_SUCCESS) {
+                    AST_merge_modules(root_module, i + 1, imported_module);
+                } else {
+                    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+                g_hash_table_insert(imports, (gpointer) path, NULL);
+
+                gchar* directory = g_path_get_dirname(path);
+                g_array_append_val(target->import_paths, directory);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -134,23 +246,28 @@ static void print_ast_to_file(const AST_NODE_PTR ast, const TargetConfig *target
 static void build_target(ModuleFileStack *unit, const TargetConfig *target) {
     print_message(Info, "Building target: %s", target->name);
 
-    AST_NODE_PTR ast = AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Module, NULL);
     ModuleFile *file = push_file(unit, target->root_module);
+    AST_NODE_PTR root_module = AST_new_node(empty_location(file), AST_Module, NULL);
 
-    if (compile_file_to_ast(ast, file) == EXIT_SUCCESS) {
+    if (compile_module_with_dependencies(unit, file, target, root_module) == EXIT_SUCCESS) {
-        if (setup_target_environment(target) == 0) {
+        if (root_module != NULL) {
+            if (setup_target_environment(target) == 0) {
 
-            print_ast_to_file(ast, target);
+                print_ast_to_file(root_module, target);
+                Module *module = create_set(root_module);
 
-            // TODO: parse AST to semantic values
+                if (module != NULL) {
-            // TODO: backend codegen
+                    run_backend_codegen(module, target);
+                }
+            }
+
+            AST_delete_node(root_module);
         }
     }
 
-    AST_delete_node(ast);
-
     mem_purge_namespace(MemoryNamespaceLex);
     mem_purge_namespace(MemoryNamespaceAst);
+    mem_purge_namespace(MemoryNamespaceSet);
 
     print_file_statistics(file);
 }

src/io/files.c

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 //
 
 #include <io/files.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <sys/col.h>
@@ -40,22 +42,24 @@ ModuleFile *push_file(ModuleFileStack *stack, const char *path) {
 
     // lazy init of heap stack
     if (stack->files == NULL) {
-        stack->files = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(ModuleFile));
+        stack->files = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(ModuleFile*));
     }
 
-    ModuleFile new_file = {
+    ModuleFile* new_file = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceStatic, sizeof(ModuleFile));
-            .path = path,
+    new_file->handle = NULL;
-            .handle = NULL
+    new_file->path = path;
-    };
+    new_file->statistics.warning_count = 0;
+    new_file->statistics.error_count = 0;
+    new_file->statistics.info_count = 0;
 
     g_array_append_val(stack->files, new_file);
 
-    return ((ModuleFile *) stack->files->data) + stack->files->len - 1;
+    return new_file;
 }
 
 void delete_files(ModuleFileStack *stack) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < stack->files->len; i++) {
-        const ModuleFile *file = (ModuleFile *) stack->files->data + i;
+        const ModuleFile *file = g_array_index(stack->files, ModuleFile*, i);
 
         if (file->handle != NULL) {
             DEBUG("closing file: %s", file->path);
@@ -74,6 +78,11 @@ void delete_files(ModuleFileStack *stack) {
 
 // behaves like fgets except that it has defined behavior when n == 1
 static void custom_fgets(char *buffer, size_t n, FILE *stream) {
+    if (feof(stream)) {
+        buffer[0] = '\n';
+        buffer[1] = 0;
+        return;
+    }
     if (n == 1) {
         buffer[0] = (char) fgetc(stream);
         buffer[1] = 0;
@@ -82,19 +91,20 @@ static void custom_fgets(char *buffer, size_t n, FILE *stream) {
     }
 }
 
-void print_diagnostic(ModuleFile *file, TokenLocation *location, Message kind, const char *message) {
+void print_diagnostic(TokenLocation *location, Message kind, const char *message, ...) {
-    assert(file->handle != NULL);
+    assert(location->file != NULL);
+    assert(location->file->handle != NULL);
     assert(location != NULL);
     assert(message != NULL);
 
     // reset to start
-    rewind(file->handle);
+    rewind(location->file->handle);
 
     char *buffer = alloca(SEEK_BUF_BYTES);
     unsigned long int line_count = 1;
 
     // seek to first line
-    while (line_count < location->line_start && fgets(buffer, SEEK_BUF_BYTES, file->handle) != NULL) {
+    while (line_count < location->line_start && fgets(buffer, SEEK_BUF_BYTES, location->file->handle) != NULL) {
         line_count += strchr(buffer, '\n') != NULL;
     }
 
@@ -104,24 +114,32 @@ void print_diagnostic(ModuleFile *file, TokenLocation *location, Message kind, c
         case Info:
             kind_text = "info";
             accent_color = CYAN;
-            file->statistics.info_count++;
+            location->file->statistics.info_count++;
             break;
         case Warning:
             kind_text = "warning";
             accent_color = YELLOW;
-            file->statistics.warning_count++;
+            location->file->statistics.warning_count++;
             break;
         case Error:
             kind_text = "error";
             accent_color = RED;
-            file->statistics.error_count++;
+            location->file->statistics.error_count++;
             break;
     }
 
-    const char *absolute_path = get_absolute_path(file->path);
+    const char *absolute_path = get_absolute_path(location->file->path);
 
-    printf("%s%s:%ld:%s %s%s:%s %s\n", BOLD, absolute_path, location->line_start, RESET, accent_color, kind_text, RESET,
+    printf("%s%s:%ld:%s %s%s:%s ", BOLD, absolute_path, location->line_start, RESET, accent_color, kind_text, RESET);
-           message);
+
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, message);
+
+    vprintf(message, args);
+
+    va_end(args);
+
+    printf("\n");
 
     mem_free((void *) absolute_path);
 
@@ -135,7 +153,7 @@ void print_diagnostic(ModuleFile *file, TokenLocation *location, Message kind, c
         // print line before token group start
         unsigned long int limit = min(location->col_start, SEEK_BUF_BYTES);
         while (limit > 1) {
-            custom_fgets(buffer, (int) limit, file->handle);
+            custom_fgets(buffer, (int) limit, location->file->handle);
             chars += printf("%s", buffer);
             limit = min(location->col_start - chars, SEEK_BUF_BYTES);
 
@@ -149,7 +167,7 @@ void print_diagnostic(ModuleFile *file, TokenLocation *location, Message kind, c
         chars = 0;
         limit = min(location->col_end - location->col_start + 1, SEEK_BUF_BYTES);
         while (limit > 0) {
-            custom_fgets(buffer, (int) limit, file->handle);
+            custom_fgets(buffer, (int) limit, location->file->handle);
             chars += printf("%s", buffer);
             limit = min(location->col_end - location->col_start + 1 - chars, SEEK_BUF_BYTES);
 
@@ -162,7 +180,7 @@ void print_diagnostic(ModuleFile *file, TokenLocation *location, Message kind, c
 
         // print rest of the line
         do {
-            custom_fgets(buffer, SEEK_BUF_BYTES, file->handle);
+            custom_fgets(buffer, SEEK_BUF_BYTES, location->file->handle);
             printf("%s", buffer);
         } while (strchr(buffer, '\n') == NULL);
 
@@ -185,24 +203,26 @@ void print_diagnostic(ModuleFile *file, TokenLocation *location, Message kind, c
 }
 
 TokenLocation new_location(unsigned long int line_start, unsigned long int col_start, unsigned long int line_end,
-                           unsigned long int col_end) {
+                           unsigned long int col_end, ModuleFile* file) {
     TokenLocation location;
 
     location.line_start = line_start;
     location.line_end = line_end;
     location.col_start = col_start;
     location.col_end = col_end;
+    location.file = file;
 
     return location;
 }
 
-TokenLocation empty_location(void) {
+TokenLocation empty_location(ModuleFile* file) {
     TokenLocation location;
 
     location.line_start = 0;
     location.line_end = 0;
     location.col_start = 0;
     location.col_end = 0;
+    location.file = file;
 
     return location;
 }
@@ -236,7 +256,7 @@ void print_unit_statistics(ModuleFileStack *file_stack) {
     stats.error_count = 0;
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < file_stack->files->len; i++) {
-        ModuleFile *file = (ModuleFile *) file_stack->files->data;
+        ModuleFile* file = g_array_index(file_stack->files, ModuleFile*, i);
 
         stats.info_count += file->statistics.warning_count;
         stats.warning_count += file->statistics.warning_count;
@@ -297,14 +317,7 @@ int create_directory(const char *path) {
 
     DEBUG("creating directory: %s", path);
 
-    int result;
+    return g_mkdir_with_parents(path, 0755);
-#ifdef __unix__
-    result = mkdir(path, S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IROTH | S_IXOTH);
-#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
-    result = _mkdir(path);
-#endif
-
-    return result;
 }
 
 const char *get_last_error() {
@@ -316,44 +329,9 @@ const char *get_absolute_path(const char *path) {
 
     DEBUG("resolving absolute path of: %s", path);
 
-#ifdef __unix__
+    char* cwd = g_get_current_dir();
-    // use unix specific function
+    char* canoical = g_canonicalize_filename(path, cwd);
-    char absolute_path[MAX_PATH_BYTES];
+    g_free(cwd);
-    realpath(path, absolute_path);
-#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
-    // use Windows CRT specific function
-    char absolute_path[MAX_PATH_BYTES];
-    _fullpath((char*) path, absolute_path, _MAX_PATH);
-#endif
 
-    return mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceIo, absolute_path);
+    return canoical;
-}
-
-const char* make_file_path(const char* name, const char* ext, int count, ...) {
-    DEBUG("building file path...");
-
-    va_list args;
-    va_start(args, count); // Initialize the va_list with the first variadic argument
-
-    char* path = calloc(MAX_PATH_BYTES, sizeof(char));
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-        const char* arg = va_arg(args, const char*);
-        assert(arg != NULL);
-
-        strcat(path, arg);
-        strcat(path, PATH_SEPARATOR);
-    }
-
-    va_end(args); // Clean up the va_list
-
-    if (name != NULL) {
-        strcat(path, name);
-    }
-
-    if (name != NULL) {
-        strcat(path, ext);
-    }
-
-    return path;
 }

src/io/files.h

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ typedef struct TokenLocation_t {
     unsigned long int col_start;
     unsigned long int line_end;
     unsigned long int col_end;
+    ModuleFile* file;
 } TokenLocation;
 
 /**
@@ -75,24 +76,23 @@ void delete_files(ModuleFileStack *stack);
  * @return
  */
 TokenLocation new_location(unsigned long int line_start, unsigned long int col_start, unsigned long int line_end,
-                           unsigned long int col_end);
+                           unsigned long int col_end, ModuleFile* file);
 
 /**
  * @brief Create a new empty location with all of its contents set to zero
  * @return
  */
-TokenLocation empty_location(void);
+TokenLocation empty_location(ModuleFile* file);
 
 /**
  * @brief Prints some diagnostic message to stdout.
  *        This also print the token group and the attached source as context.
- * @param file
  * @param location
  * @param kind
  * @param message
  */
-[[gnu::nonnull(1), gnu::nonnull(2)]]
+[[gnu::nonnull(1)]]
-void print_diagnostic(ModuleFile *file, TokenLocation *location, Message kind, const char *message);
+void print_diagnostic(TokenLocation *location, Message kind, const char *message, ...);
 
 [[gnu::nonnull(2)]]
 /**
@@ -142,15 +142,4 @@ const char* get_last_error();
 [[nodiscard("pointer must be freed")]]
 const char* get_absolute_path(const char* path);
 
-/**
- * @brief Create a file path from a base name, extension a variable amount of directory path segments.
- * @param count Amount of path segments to prepend to the basename
- * @param name Basename of the file
- * @param ext Extension of the file
- * @param ... Path segments without path separator
- * @return A relative path of a file
- */
-[[nodiscard("pointer must be freed")]]
-const char* make_file_path(const char* name, const char* ext, int count, ...);
-
 #endif //GEMSTONE_FILES_H

src/lex/lexer.l

@@ -98,10 +98,13 @@
     yytext = yytext +1;
     yytext[yyleng - 2] = 0;
     
-    DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'ValStr\'", yytext); yylval.string = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceLex, yytext); return(ValStr);};
+    DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'ValStr\'", yytext);
+    yylval.string = collapse_escape_sequences(yytext);
+    return(ValStr);
+};
 \"\"\"[^\"]*\"\"\" {
     yytext = yytext +3;
-    yytext[yyleng - 4] = 0;
+    yytext[yyleng - 6] = 0;
 
     DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'ValMultistr\'", yytext); yylval.string = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceLex, yytext); return(ValMultistr);};
 [ \r\t] { /* ignore whitespace */ };

src/lex/util.c

@@ -84,3 +84,41 @@ int getNextLine(void) {
 
   return 0;
 }
+
+struct ConstEscSeq {
+    char* esc;
+    char* rep;
+};
+
+static struct ConstEscSeq sequences[] = {
+    {
+        "\\n",
+        "\n"
+    },
+    {
+        "\\\\",
+        "\\"
+    },
+    {
+        "\\t",
+        "\t"
+    },
+    {
+        "\\r",
+        "\r"
+    }
+};
+
+char* collapse_escape_sequences(char* string) {
+    GString* unesc = g_string_new(string);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+        g_string_replace(unesc, sequences[i].esc, sequences[i].rep, 0);
+    }
+
+    char* str = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceLex, unesc->str);
+
+    g_string_free(unesc, TRUE);
+
+    return str;
+}

src/lex/util.h

@@ -36,4 +36,6 @@ int nextChar(char *dst);
  */
 int getNextLine(void);
 
+char* collapse_escape_sequences(char* string);
+
 #endif // LEX_UTIL_H_

src/llvm/backend.c

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <ast/ast.h>
+#include <codegen/backend.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Core.h>
+#include <llvm-c/TargetMachine.h>
+#include <llvm/backend.h>
+#include <llvm/parser.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+
+Target create_native_target() {
+    DEBUG("creating native target...");
+    Target target;
+
+    target.name.str = "tmp";
+    target.name.allocation = NONE;
+
+    target.triple.str = LLVMGetDefaultTargetTriple();
+    target.triple.allocation = LLVM;
+    assert(target.triple.str != NULL);
+
+    target.cpu.str = LLVMGetHostCPUName();
+    target.cpu.allocation = LLVM;
+    assert(target.cpu.str != NULL);
+
+    target.features.str = LLVMGetHostCPUFeatures();
+    target.features.allocation = LLVM;
+    assert(target.features.str != NULL);
+
+    target.opt = LLVMCodeGenLevelNone;
+    target.reloc = LLVMRelocDefault;
+    target.model = LLVMCodeModelDefault;
+
+    return target;
+}
+
+LLVMCodeGenOptLevel llvm_opt_from_int(int level) {
+    switch (level) {
+        case 1:
+            return LLVMCodeGenLevelLess;
+        case 2:
+            return LLVMCodeGenLevelDefault;
+        case 3:
+            return LLVMCodeGenLevelAggressive;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+    PANIC("invalid code generation optimization level: %d", level);
+}
+
+static char* create_target_output_name(const TargetConfig* config) {
+    char* prefix = "";
+    if (config->mode == Library) {
+        prefix = "lib";
+    }
+
+    return g_strjoin("", prefix, config->name, NULL);
+}
+
+Target create_target_from_config(const TargetConfig* config) {
+    DEBUG("Building target from configuration");
+
+    Target target = create_native_target();
+
+    target.name.str = create_target_output_name(config);
+    target.name.allocation = NONE;  // freed later by compiler
+
+    target.opt = llvm_opt_from_int(config->optimization_level);
+
+    INFO("Configured target: %s/%d: (%s) on %s { %s }", target.name.str, target.opt,
+         target.triple.str, target.cpu.str, target.features.str);
+
+    return target;
+}
+
+static void delete_string(String string) {
+    DEBUG("deleting string...");
+    switch (string.allocation) {
+        case LLVM:
+            LLVMDisposeMessage(string.str);
+            break;
+        case LIBC:
+            free(string.str);
+            break;
+        case NONE:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+void delete_target(Target target) {
+    delete_string(target.name);
+    delete_string(target.cpu);
+    delete_string(target.features);
+    delete_string(target.triple);
+}
+
+typedef enum LLVMBackendError_t { UnresolvedImport } LLVMBackendError;
+
+static BackendError llvm_backend_codegen(const Module* unit,
+                                         const TargetConfig* target) {
+    return parse_module(unit, target);
+}
+
+static BackendError llvm_backend_codegen_init(void) {
+    return new_backend_error(Success);
+}
+
+static BackendError llvm_backend_codegen_deinit(void) {
+    return new_backend_error(Success);
+}
+
+void llvm_backend_init() {
+    BackendError err =
+        set_backend(&llvm_backend_codegen_init, &llvm_backend_codegen_deinit,
+                    &llvm_backend_codegen, "LLVM");
+
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        PANIC("unable to init llvm backend: %ld", err);
+    }
+}

src/llvm/backend.h

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+
+#ifndef LLVM_CODEGEN_BACKEND_H_
+#define LLVM_CODEGEN_BACKEND_H_
+
+#include <llvm-c/TargetMachine.h>
+
+enum StringAllocation_t {
+    LLVM,
+    LIBC,
+    NONE
+};
+
+typedef struct String_t {
+    enum StringAllocation_t allocation;
+    char* str;
+} String;
+
+typedef struct Target_t {
+    String name;
+    String triple;
+    String cpu;
+    String features;
+    LLVMCodeGenOptLevel opt;
+    LLVMRelocMode reloc;
+    LLVMCodeModel model;
+} Target;
+
+Target create_native_target();
+
+Target create_target_from_config(const TargetConfig* config);
+
+void delete_target(Target target);
+
+void llvm_backend_init(void);
+
+#endif // LLVM_CODEGEN_BACKEND_H_

src/llvm/link/lld.c

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 6/4/24.
+//
+
+#include <llvm/link/lld.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+#include <mem/cache.h>
+#include <sys/col.h>
+
+const char* get_absolute_link_path(const TargetConfig* config, const char* link_target_name) {
+    INFO("resolving absolute path for link target: %s", link_target_name);
+
+    for (guint i = 0; i < config->link_search_paths->len; i++) {
+        const char* link_directory_path = g_array_index(config->link_search_paths, char*, i);
+
+        char* path = g_build_filename(link_directory_path, link_target_name, NULL);
+        char* cwd = g_get_current_dir();
+        char* canonical = g_canonicalize_filename(path, cwd);
+
+        const gboolean exists = g_file_test(canonical, G_FILE_TEST_EXISTS);
+        const gboolean is_dir = g_file_test(canonical, G_FILE_TEST_IS_DIR);
+
+        g_free(path);
+        g_free(cwd);
+
+        if (exists && !is_dir) {
+            INFO("link target found at: %s", canonical);
+            return canonical;
+        }
+
+        g_free(canonical);
+    }
+
+    // file not found
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+TargetLinkConfig* lld_create_link_config(__attribute__((unused)) const Target* target, const TargetConfig* target_config, const Module* module) {
+    DEBUG("generating link configuration");
+
+    TargetLinkConfig* config = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceLld, sizeof(TargetLinkConfig));
+
+    config->fatal_warnings = target_config->lld_fatal_warnings;
+    config->object_file_names = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(char*));
+    config->colorize = stdout_supports_ansi_esc();
+
+    // append build object file
+    char* basename = g_strjoin(".", target_config->name, "o", NULL);
+    char* filename = g_build_filename(target_config->archive_directory, basename, NULL);
+    const char* target_object = get_absolute_link_path(target_config, (const char*) filename);
+    if (target_object == NULL) {
+        ERROR("failed to resolve path to target object: %s", filename);
+        lld_delete_link_config(config);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    {
+        // output file after linking
+        basename = g_strjoin(".", target_config->name, "out", NULL);
+        filename = g_build_filename(target_config->output_directory, basename, NULL);
+
+        config->output_file = filename;
+    }
+
+    g_array_append_val(config->object_file_names, target_object);
+    INFO("resolved path of target object: %s", target_object);
+
+    // if it is an app, add entrypoint library
+    if (target_config->mode == Application) {
+        char* entrypoint = g_strdup("libentrypoint.a");
+        g_array_append_val(module->imports, entrypoint);
+    }
+
+    // resolve absolute paths to dependent library object files
+    DEBUG("resolving target dependencies...");
+    for (guint i = 0; i < module->imports->len; i++) {
+        const char* dependency = g_array_index(module->imports, const char*, i);
+
+        const char* dependency_object = get_absolute_link_path(target_config, dependency);
+        if (dependency_object == NULL) {
+            ERROR("failed to resolve path to dependency object: %s", dependency);
+            lld_delete_link_config(config);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        g_array_append_val(config->object_file_names, dependency_object);
+        INFO("resolved path of target object: %s", dependency_object);
+    }
+
+    INFO("resolved %d dependencies", config->object_file_names->len);
+
+    return config;
+}
+
+GArray* lld_create_lld_arguments(TargetLinkConfig* config) {
+    GArray* argv = g_array_new(TRUE, FALSE, sizeof(char*));
+
+    gchar* arg = g_strdup("ld.lld");
+    g_array_append_val(argv, arg);
+
+    if (config->fatal_warnings) {
+        arg = g_strdup("--fatal-warnings");
+        g_array_append_val(argv, arg);
+    }
+
+    if (config->colorize) {
+        arg = g_strdup("--color-diagnostics=always");
+        g_array_append_val(argv, arg);
+    }
+
+    {
+        arg = g_strjoin("", "-o", config->output_file, NULL);
+        g_array_append_val(argv, arg);
+    }
+
+    for (guint i = 0; i < config->object_file_names->len; i++) {
+        char* object_file_path = g_array_index(config->object_file_names, char*, i);
+        arg = g_strjoin("", object_file_path, NULL);
+        g_array_append_val(argv, arg);
+    }
+
+    return argv;
+}
+
+BackendError lld_link_target(TargetLinkConfig* config) {
+    DEBUG("linking target...");
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    GArray* argv = lld_create_lld_arguments(config);
+
+    INFO("Linking target...");
+
+    char* arguments = g_strjoinv(" ", (char**) argv->data);
+    print_message(Info, "%s", arguments);
+    g_free(arguments);
+
+    INFO("done linking target...");
+
+    g_array_free(argv, TRUE);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+void lld_delete_link_config(TargetLinkConfig* config) {
+    for (guint i = 0; i < config->object_file_names->len; i++) {
+        free((void*) g_array_index(config->object_file_names, const char*, i));
+    }
+    g_array_free(config->object_file_names, TRUE);
+    mem_free(config);
+}

src/llvm/link/lld.h

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 6/4/24.
+//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_BACKEND_LLD_H
+#define LLVM_BACKEND_LLD_H
+
+#include <codegen/backend.h>
+#include <llvm/backend.h>
+
+TargetLinkConfig* lld_create_link_config(__attribute__((unused)) const Target * target, const TargetConfig* target_config, const Module* module);
+
+BackendError lld_link_target(TargetLinkConfig* config);
+
+void lld_delete_link_config(TargetLinkConfig* config);
+
+#endif // LLVM_BACKEND_LLD_H

src/llvm/llvm-ir/expr.c

@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 5/28/24.
+//
+
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/expr.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/types.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+#include <mem/cache.h>
+
+BackendError impl_bitwise_operation(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+                                    LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                                    LLVMBuilderRef builder,
+                                    Operation *operation,
+                                    LLVMValueRef *llvm_result) {
+    Expression *rhs = NULL;
+    Expression *lhs = NULL;
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_rhs = NULL;
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_lhs = NULL;
+
+    if (operation->impl.bitwise == BitwiseNot) {
+        // single operand
+        rhs = g_array_index(operation->operands, Expression*, 0);
+        impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, rhs, FALSE, &llvm_rhs);
+    } else {
+        // two operands
+        lhs = g_array_index(operation->operands, Expression*, 0);
+        impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, lhs, FALSE, &llvm_lhs);
+
+        rhs = g_array_index(operation->operands, Expression*, 1);
+        impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, rhs, FALSE, &llvm_rhs);
+    }
+
+    switch (operation->impl.bitwise) {
+        case BitwiseAnd:
+            *llvm_result = LLVMBuildAnd(builder, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "bitwise and");
+            break;
+        case BitwiseOr:
+            *llvm_result = LLVMBuildOr(builder, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "bitwise or");
+            break;
+        case BitwiseXor:
+            *llvm_result = LLVMBuildXor(builder, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "bitwise xor");
+            break;
+        case BitwiseNot:
+            *llvm_result = LLVMBuildNot(builder, llvm_rhs, "bitwise not");
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Convert any integral type (integer) to a boolean value.
+ *        A boolean value hereby meaning an integer of the same type as the input
+ *        value but with the value of either 0 or one.
+ * @param builder
+ * @param integral
+ * @return
+ */
+ [[maybe_unused]]
+static LLVMValueRef convert_integral_to_boolean(
+        LLVMBuilderRef builder, LLVMValueRef integral) {
+    // type of input
+    LLVMTypeRef valueType = LLVMTypeOf(integral);
+    // zero value of same type as integral
+    LLVMValueRef zero = LLVMConstIntOfString(valueType, "0", 10);
+    // returns 1 if integral is not zero and zero otherwise
+    return LLVMBuildICmp(builder, LLVMIntNE, zero, integral, "to boolean");
+}
+
+BackendError impl_logical_operation(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+                                    LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                                    LLVMBuilderRef builder,
+                                    Operation *operation,
+                                    LLVMValueRef *llvm_result) {
+    Expression *rhs = NULL;
+    Expression *lhs = NULL;
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_rhs = NULL;
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_lhs = NULL;
+
+    if (operation->impl.logical == LogicalNot) {
+        // single operand
+        rhs = g_array_index(operation->operands, Expression*, 0);
+        impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, rhs, FALSE, &llvm_rhs);
+    } else {
+        // two operands
+        lhs = g_array_index(operation->operands, Expression*, 0);
+        impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, lhs, FALSE, &llvm_lhs);
+
+        rhs = g_array_index(operation->operands, Expression*, 1);
+        impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, rhs, FALSE, &llvm_rhs);
+    }
+
+    switch (operation->impl.logical) {
+        case LogicalAnd:
+            *llvm_result = LLVMBuildAnd(builder, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "logical and");
+            break;
+        case LogicalOr:
+            *llvm_result = LLVMBuildOr(builder, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "logical or");
+            break;
+        case LogicalXor:
+            *llvm_result = LLVMBuildXor(builder, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "logical xor");
+            break;
+        case LogicalNot:
+            *llvm_result = LLVMBuildNot(builder, llvm_rhs, "logical not");
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static LLVMBool is_floating_point(Type *value) {
+    if (value->kind == TypeKindPrimitive) {
+        return value->impl.primitive == Float;
+    }
+
+    if (value->kind == TypeKindComposite) {
+        return value->impl.composite.primitive == Float;
+    }
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static LLVMBool is_integral(Type *value) {
+    if (value->kind == TypeKindPrimitive) {
+        return value->impl.primitive == Int;
+    }
+
+    if (value->kind == TypeKindComposite) {
+        return value->impl.composite.primitive == Int;
+    }
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_relational_operation(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+                                       LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                                       LLVMBuilderRef builder,
+                                       Operation *operation,
+                                       LLVMValueRef *llvm_result) {
+    Expression *rhs = NULL;
+    Expression *lhs = NULL;
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_rhs = NULL;
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_lhs = NULL;
+
+    // two operands
+    lhs = g_array_index(operation->operands, Expression*, 0);
+    impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, lhs, FALSE, &llvm_lhs);
+
+    rhs = g_array_index(operation->operands, Expression*, 1);
+    impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, rhs, FALSE, &llvm_rhs);
+
+    if (is_integral(rhs->result)) {
+        // integral type
+        LLVMIntPredicate operator = 0;
+
+        switch (operation->impl.relational) {
+            case Equal:
+                operator = LLVMIntEQ;
+                break;
+            case Greater:
+                operator = LLVMIntSGT;
+                break;
+            case Less:
+                operator = LLVMIntSLT;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        *llvm_result = LLVMBuildICmp(builder, operator, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "integral comparison");
+
+    } else if (is_floating_point(rhs->result)) {
+        // integral type
+        LLVMRealPredicate operator = 0;
+
+        switch (operation->impl.relational) {
+            case Equal:
+                operator = LLVMRealOEQ;
+                break;
+            case Greater:
+                operator = LLVMRealOGT;
+                break;
+            case Less:
+                operator = LLVMRealOLT;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        *llvm_result = LLVMBuildFCmp(builder, operator, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "floating point comparison");
+    } else {
+        PANIC("invalid type for relational operator");
+    }
+
+    // *llvm_result = convert_integral_to_boolean(builder, *llvm_result);
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_arithmetic_operation(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+                                       LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                                       LLVMBuilderRef builder,
+                                       Operation *operation,
+                                       LLVMValueRef *llvm_result) {
+    Expression *rhs = NULL;
+    Expression *lhs = NULL;
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_rhs = NULL;
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_lhs = NULL;
+
+    if (operation->impl.arithmetic == Negate) {
+        // single operand
+        rhs = g_array_index(operation->operands, Expression*, 0);
+        impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, rhs, FALSE, &llvm_rhs);
+    } else {
+        // two operands
+        lhs = g_array_index(operation->operands, Expression*, 0);
+        impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, lhs, FALSE, &llvm_lhs);
+
+        rhs = g_array_index(operation->operands, Expression*, 1);
+        impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, rhs, FALSE, &llvm_rhs);
+    }
+
+    if (is_integral(rhs->result)) {
+
+        switch (operation->impl.arithmetic) {
+            case Add:
+                *llvm_result = LLVMBuildNSWAdd(builder, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "signed integer addition");
+                break;
+            case Sub:
+                *llvm_result = LLVMBuildNSWSub(builder, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "signed integer subtraction");
+                break;
+            case Mul:
+                *llvm_result = LLVMBuildNSWMul(builder, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "signed integer multiply");
+                break;
+            case Div:
+                *llvm_result = LLVMBuildSDiv(builder, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "signed integer divide");
+                break;
+            case Negate:
+                *llvm_result = LLVMBuildNeg(builder, llvm_rhs, "signed integer negate");
+                break;
+        }
+
+    } else if (is_floating_point(rhs->result)) {
+
+        switch (operation->impl.arithmetic) {
+            case Add:
+                *llvm_result = LLVMBuildFAdd(builder, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "floating point addition");
+                break;
+            case Sub:
+                *llvm_result = LLVMBuildFSub(builder, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "floating point subtraction");
+                break;
+            case Mul:
+                *llvm_result = LLVMBuildFMul(builder, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "floating point multiply");
+                break;
+            case Div:
+                *llvm_result = LLVMBuildFDiv(builder, llvm_lhs, llvm_rhs, "floating point divide");
+                break;
+            case Negate:
+                *llvm_result = LLVMBuildFNeg(builder, llvm_rhs, "floating point negate");
+                break;
+        }
+
+    } else {
+        PANIC("invalid type for arithmetic operator");
+    }
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_operation(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                            LLVMBuilderRef builder, Operation *operation,
+                            LLVMValueRef *llvm_result) {
+    BackendError err;
+
+    switch (operation->kind) {
+        case Bitwise:
+            err = impl_bitwise_operation(unit, scope, builder, operation,
+                                         llvm_result);
+            break;
+        case Boolean:
+            err = impl_logical_operation(unit, scope, builder, operation,
+                                         llvm_result);
+            break;
+        case Relational:
+            err = impl_relational_operation(unit, scope, builder, operation,
+                                            llvm_result);
+            break;
+        case Arithmetic:
+            err = impl_arithmetic_operation(unit, scope, builder, operation,
+                                            llvm_result);
+            break;
+        default:
+            PANIC("Invalid operator");
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_transmute(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                            LLVMBuilderRef builder, Transmute *transmute,
+                            LLVMValueRef *llvm_result) {
+
+    LLVMValueRef operand = NULL;
+    impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, transmute->operand, FALSE, &operand);
+
+    LLVMTypeRef target_type = NULL;
+    BackendError err = get_type_impl(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope,
+                                     transmute->targetType, &target_type);
+    // if target type is valid
+    if (err.kind == Success) {
+        *llvm_result =
+                LLVMBuildBitCast(builder, operand, target_type, "transmute");
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+static LLVMBool is_type_signed(const Type *type) {
+    switch (type->kind) {
+        case TypeKindPrimitive:
+            return 1;
+        case TypeKindComposite:
+            return type->impl.composite.sign == Signed;
+        default:
+            return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+BackendError impl_typecast(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                           LLVMBuilderRef builder, TypeCast *typecast,
+                           LLVMValueRef *llvm_result) {
+    LLVMValueRef operand = NULL;
+    impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, typecast->operand, FALSE, &operand);
+
+    LLVMTypeRef target_type = NULL;
+    BackendError err = get_type_impl(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope,
+                                     typecast->targetType, &target_type);
+    // if target type is valid
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    LLVMBool dst_signed = is_type_signed(typecast->targetType);
+    LLVMBool src_signed = is_type_signed(typecast->operand->result);
+    const LLVMOpcode opcode =
+            LLVMGetCastOpcode(operand, src_signed, target_type, dst_signed);
+    *llvm_result =
+            LLVMBuildCast(builder, opcode, operand, target_type, "expr.typecast");
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_variable_load(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                                LLVMBuilderRef builder, Variable *variable,
+                                LLVMBool reference,
+                                LLVMValueRef *llvm_result) {
+
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_variable = get_variable(scope, variable->name);
+
+    Type* type;
+
+    if (variable->kind == VariableKindDefinition) {
+        type = variable->impl.definiton.declaration.type;
+    } else {
+        type = variable->impl.declaration.type;
+    }
+
+    if (llvm_variable == NULL) {
+        return new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL, "Variable not found");
+    }
+
+    if (reference) {
+        // don't load in case variable is parameter?
+        // only reference wanted
+
+        *llvm_result = llvm_variable;
+
+    } else {
+        // no referencing, load value
+        LLVMTypeRef llvm_type;
+
+        get_type_impl(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope, type, &llvm_type);
+
+        if (LLVMGetTypeKind(LLVMTypeOf(llvm_variable)) == LLVMPointerTypeKind) {
+            *llvm_result = LLVMBuildLoad2(builder, llvm_type, llvm_variable, "");
+        } else {
+            *llvm_result = llvm_variable;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_address_of(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                                LLVMBuilderRef builder, AddressOf* addressOf,
+                                LLVMValueRef *llvm_result) {
+
+    BackendError err = impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, addressOf->variable, FALSE, llvm_result);
+
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_deref(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                             LLVMBuilderRef builder, Dereference* dereference,
+                             LLVMValueRef *llvm_result) {
+    BackendError err;
+
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_pointer = get_variable(scope, dereference->variable->impl.variable->name);
+    LLVMTypeRef llvm_deref_type = NULL;
+    err = get_type_impl(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope, dereference->variable->result->impl.reference, &llvm_deref_type);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    LLVMValueRef* index = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceLlvm, sizeof(LLVMValueRef));
+    err = impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, dereference->index, FALSE, index);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    *llvm_result = LLVMBuildGEP2(builder, llvm_deref_type, llvm_pointer, index, 1, "expr.deref.gep2");
+
+    *llvm_result = LLVMBuildLoad2(builder, llvm_deref_type, *llvm_result, "expr.deref.load");
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_expr(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                       LLVMBuilderRef builder, Expression *expr,
+                       LLVMBool reference,
+                       LLVMValueRef *llvm_result) {
+    DEBUG("implementing expression: %ld", expr->kind);
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    switch (expr->kind) {
+        case ExpressionKindConstant:
+            err = get_const_type_value(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope,
+                                       &expr->impl.constant, llvm_result);
+            break;
+        case ExpressionKindTransmute:
+            err = impl_transmute(unit, scope, builder, &expr->impl.transmute,
+                                 llvm_result);
+            break;
+        case ExpressionKindTypeCast:
+            err = impl_typecast(unit, scope, builder, &expr->impl.typecast,
+                                llvm_result);
+            break;
+        case ExpressionKindOperation:
+            err = impl_operation(unit, scope, builder, &expr->impl.operation,
+                                 llvm_result);
+            break;
+        case ExpressionKindVariable:
+            err = impl_variable_load(unit, scope, builder, expr->impl.variable,
+                                     reference,
+                                     llvm_result);
+            break;
+        case ExpressionKindAddressOf:
+            err = impl_address_of(unit, scope, builder, &expr->impl.addressOf,
+                                  llvm_result);
+            break;
+        case ExpressionKindDereference:
+            err = impl_deref(unit, scope, builder, &expr->impl.dereference,
+                             llvm_result);
+            break;
+        default:
+            err = new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL, "unknown expression");
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}

src/llvm/llvm-ir/expr.h

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 5/28/24.
+//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_BACKEND_EXPR_H
+#define LLVM_BACKEND_EXPR_H
+
+#include <codegen/backend.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Types.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/func.h>
+#include <llvm/parser.h>
+
+BackendError impl_expr(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                       LLVMBuilderRef builder, Expression *expr,
+                       LLVMBool reference,
+                       LLVMValueRef *llvm_result);
+
+#endif  // LLVM_BACKEND_EXPR_H

src/llvm/llvm-ir/func.c

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+
+#include <codegen/backend.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Core.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Types.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/func.h>
+#include <llvm/parser.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/types.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/stmt.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/variables.h>
+#include <set/types.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+#include <mem/cache.h>
+
+LLVMLocalScope* new_local_scope(LLVMLocalScope* parent) {
+    LLVMLocalScope* scope = malloc(sizeof(LLVMLocalScope));
+
+    scope->func_scope = parent->func_scope;
+    scope->vars = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    scope->parent_scope = parent;
+
+    return scope;
+}
+
+void delete_local_scope(LLVMLocalScope* scope) {
+    g_hash_table_destroy(scope->vars);
+    free(scope);
+}
+
+static LLVMValueRef get_parameter(const LLVMFuncScope* scope,
+                                  const char* name) {
+    if (g_hash_table_contains(scope->params, name)) {
+        return g_hash_table_lookup(scope->params, name);
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+LLVMValueRef get_variable(const LLVMLocalScope* scope, const char* name) {
+    if (g_hash_table_contains(scope->vars, name)) {
+        return g_hash_table_lookup(scope->vars, name);
+    }
+
+    if (scope->parent_scope != NULL) {
+        return get_variable(scope->parent_scope, name);
+    }
+
+    LLVMValueRef param = get_parameter(scope->func_scope, name);
+    if (param != NULL) {
+        return param;
+    }
+
+    LLVMValueRef global_var = get_global_variable(scope->func_scope->global_scope, (char*) name);
+    return global_var;
+}
+
+LLVMBool is_parameter(const LLVMLocalScope* scope, const char* name) {
+    if (g_hash_table_contains(scope->vars, name)) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (scope->parent_scope != NULL) {
+        return is_parameter(scope->parent_scope, name);
+    }
+
+    LLVMValueRef param = get_parameter(scope->func_scope, name);
+    if (param != NULL) {
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    LLVMValueRef global_var = get_global_variable(scope->func_scope->global_scope, (char*) name);
+    return global_var != NULL;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_param_type(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                             LLVMGlobalScope* scope, Parameter* param,
+                             LLVMTypeRef* llvm_type) {
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    Type* gemstone_type = NULL;
+    IO_Qualifier qualifier;
+
+    if (param->kind == ParameterDeclarationKind) {
+        gemstone_type = param->impl.declaration.type;
+        qualifier = param->impl.declaration.qualifier;
+    } else {
+        gemstone_type = param->impl.definiton.declaration.type;
+        qualifier = param->impl.definiton.declaration.qualifier;
+    }
+
+    // wrap output variables as pointers
+    if (qualifier == Out || qualifier == InOut) {
+        Type* reference_type = alloca(sizeof(Type));
+
+        reference_type->kind = TypeKindReference;
+        reference_type->impl.reference = gemstone_type;
+
+        gemstone_type = reference_type;
+    }
+
+    err = get_type_impl(unit, scope, gemstone_type, llvm_type);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_func_type(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                            LLVMGlobalScope* scope, Function* func,
+                            LLVMValueRef* llvm_fun) {
+    DEBUG("implementing function declaration: %s()", func->name);
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    GArray* llvm_params = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(LLVMTypeRef));
+    GArray* func_params = NULL;
+
+    if (func->kind == FunctionDeclarationKind) {
+        func_params = func->impl.declaration.parameter;
+    } else {
+        func_params = func->impl.definition.parameter;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < func_params->len; i++) {
+        Parameter* param = &g_array_index(func_params, Parameter, i);
+
+        LLVMTypeRef llvm_type = NULL;
+        err = impl_param_type(unit, scope, param, &llvm_type);
+
+        if (err.kind != Success) {
+            return err;
+        }
+
+        g_array_append_val(llvm_params, llvm_type);
+    }
+
+    DEBUG("implemented %ld parameter", llvm_params->len);
+
+    LLVMTypeRef llvm_fun_type =
+        LLVMFunctionType(LLVMVoidTypeInContext(unit->context),
+                         (LLVMTypeRef*)llvm_params->data, llvm_params->len, 0);
+
+    *llvm_fun = LLVMAddFunction(unit->module, func->name, llvm_fun_type);
+
+    g_hash_table_insert(scope->functions, (char*) func->name, llvm_fun_type);
+
+    g_array_free(llvm_params, FALSE);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_func_def(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                       LLVMGlobalScope* global_scope,
+                       Function* func, const char* name) {
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_func = LLVMGetNamedFunction(unit->module, name);
+
+    if (err.kind == Success) {
+        // create local function scope
+        // NOTE: lives till the end of the function
+        LLVMFuncScope* func_scope = alloca(sizeof(LLVMFuncScope));
+
+        func_scope->llvm_func = llvm_func;
+        func_scope->global_scope = global_scope;
+        func_scope->params = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+
+        // create function body builder
+        LLVMBasicBlockRef entry =
+            LLVMAppendBasicBlockInContext(unit->context, llvm_func, "func.entry");
+        LLVMBuilderRef builder = LLVMCreateBuilderInContext(unit->context);
+        LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, entry);
+
+        // create value references for parameter
+        for (guint i = 0; i < func->impl.definition.parameter->len; i++) {
+            Parameter* param = &g_array_index(func->impl.definition.parameter, Parameter, i);
+            LLVMValueRef llvm_param = LLVMGetParam(llvm_func, i);
+
+            if (llvm_param == NULL) {
+                return new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL, "invalid parameter");
+            }
+
+            g_hash_table_insert(func_scope->params, (gpointer)param->name, llvm_param);
+        }
+
+        LLVMBasicBlockRef llvm_start_body_block = NULL;
+        LLVMBasicBlockRef llvm_end_body_block = NULL;
+        err = impl_block(unit, builder, func_scope, &llvm_start_body_block, &llvm_end_body_block, func->impl.definition.body);
+
+        if (err.kind == Success) {
+            LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, entry);
+            LLVMBuildBr(builder, llvm_start_body_block);
+
+            // insert returning end block
+            LLVMBasicBlockRef end_block =
+                    LLVMAppendBasicBlockInContext(unit->context, llvm_func, "func.end");
+            LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, end_block);
+            LLVMBuildRetVoid(builder);
+
+            LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, llvm_end_body_block);
+            LLVMBuildBr(builder, end_block);
+
+            LLVMDisposeBuilder(builder);
+        }
+
+        // delete function scope GLib structs
+        g_hash_table_destroy(func_scope->params);
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_function_types(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                            LLVMGlobalScope* scope, GHashTable* functions) {
+    DEBUG("implementing functions...");
+    GHashTableIter iterator;
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iterator, functions);
+
+    gpointer key = NULL;
+    gpointer val = NULL;
+
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iterator, &key, &val) != FALSE) {
+        Function* func = (Function*) val;
+        LLVMValueRef llvm_func;
+        err = impl_func_type(unit, scope, func, &llvm_func);
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_functions(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                            LLVMGlobalScope* scope, GHashTable* functions) {
+    DEBUG("implementing functions...");
+    GHashTableIter iterator;
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iterator, functions);
+
+    gpointer key = NULL;
+    gpointer val = NULL;
+
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    size_t function_count = 0;
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iterator, &key, &val) != FALSE) {
+        Function* func = (Function*) val;
+
+        if (func->kind != FunctionDeclarationKind) {
+            err = impl_func_def(unit, scope, func, (const char*)key);
+        }
+
+        if (err.kind != Success) {
+            return err;
+        }
+
+        function_count++;
+    }
+    INFO("implemented %ld functions", function_count);
+
+    return err;
+}

src/llvm/llvm-ir/func.h

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+
+#ifndef LLVM_BACKEND_FUNC_H_
+#define LLVM_BACKEND_FUNC_H_
+
+#include <llvm/parser.h>
+
+#include <glib.h>
+
+typedef struct LLVMFuncScope_t {
+    LLVMGlobalScope* global_scope;
+    // of LLVMTypeRef
+    GHashTable* params;
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_func;
+} LLVMFuncScope;
+
+typedef struct LLVMLocalScope_t LLVMLocalScope;
+
+typedef struct LLVMLocalScope_t {
+    // of LLVMTypeRef
+    GHashTable* vars;
+    LLVMFuncScope* func_scope;
+    LLVMLocalScope* parent_scope;
+} LLVMLocalScope;
+
+LLVMLocalScope* new_local_scope(LLVMLocalScope* parent);
+
+void delete_local_scope(LLVMLocalScope*);
+
+LLVMValueRef get_variable(const LLVMLocalScope* scope, const char* name);
+
+LLVMBool is_parameter(const LLVMLocalScope* scope, const char* name);
+
+BackendError impl_function_types(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                            LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                            GHashTable* variables);
+
+BackendError impl_functions(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                   LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                                   GHashTable* variables);
+
+#endif // LLVM_BACKEND_FUNC_H_

src/llvm/llvm-ir/stmt.c

@@ -0,0 +1,484 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 5/28/24.
+//
+
+#include <codegen/backend.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+#include <llvm/parser.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/stmt.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/expr.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/func.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/types.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <mem/cache.h>
+
+BackendError impl_storage_expr(
+        LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+        LLVMBuilderRef
+        builder,
+        LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+        const StorageExpr *expr,
+        LLVMValueRef* storage_target) {
+
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    switch (expr->kind) {
+        case StorageExprKindVariable:
+            *storage_target =
+                    get_variable(scope, expr->impl.variable->name);
+            break;
+        case StorageExprKindDereference:
+
+            LLVMValueRef index = NULL;
+            err = impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, expr->impl.dereference.index, false, &index);
+            if (err.kind != Success) {
+                return err;
+            }
+
+            LLVMValueRef array = NULL;
+            err = impl_storage_expr(unit, builder, scope, expr->impl.dereference.array, &array);
+            if (err.kind != Success) {
+                return err;
+            }
+
+            LLVMTypeRef deref_type = NULL;
+            err = get_type_impl(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope, expr->target_type, &deref_type);
+            if (err.kind != Success) {
+                return err;
+            }
+
+            if (expr->target_type->kind == TypeKindReference) {
+                array = LLVMBuildLoad2(builder, deref_type, array, "strg.deref.indirect-load");
+            }
+
+            *storage_target = LLVMBuildGEP2(builder, deref_type, array, &index, 1, "strg.deref");
+
+            break;
+        case StorageExprKindBoxAccess:
+            // TODO: resolve LLVMValueRef from BoxAccess
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_assign_stmt(
+        LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+        LLVMBuilderRef
+        builder,
+        LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+        const Assignment *assignment
+) {
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+    DEBUG("implementing assignment for variable: %p", assignment);
+
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_value = NULL;
+    err = impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, assignment->value, TRUE, &llvm_value);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_array = NULL;
+    err = impl_storage_expr(unit, builder, scope, assignment->destination, &llvm_array);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    LLVMBuildStore(builder, llvm_value, llvm_array);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_basic_block(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+                              LLVMBuilderRef builder, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                              const Block *block, LLVMBasicBlockRef *llvm_start_block, LLVMBasicBlockRef *llvm_end_block) {
+    DEBUG("implementing basic block...");
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    LLVMLocalScope *block_scope = new_local_scope(scope);
+    // append a new LLVM basic block
+    *llvm_start_block = LLVMAppendBasicBlockInContext(unit->context, scope->func_scope->llvm_func,
+                                                "stmt.block.start");
+    LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, *llvm_start_block);
+
+    LLVMBasicBlockRef end_previous_block = *llvm_start_block;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < block->statemnts->len; i++) {
+        DEBUG("building block statement %d of %d", i, block->statemnts->len);
+        Statement* stmt = g_array_index(block->statemnts, Statement*, i);
+
+        LLVMBasicBlockRef llvm_next_start_block = NULL;
+        LLVMBasicBlockRef llvm_next_end_block = NULL;
+        err = impl_stmt(unit, builder, scope, stmt, &llvm_next_start_block, &llvm_next_end_block);
+        if (err.kind != Success) {
+            return err;
+        }
+
+        if (llvm_next_end_block != NULL) {
+            LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, end_previous_block);
+            LLVMBuildBr(builder, llvm_next_start_block);
+            LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, llvm_next_end_block);
+            end_previous_block = llvm_next_end_block;
+        }
+    }
+
+    *llvm_end_block = end_previous_block;
+
+    delete_local_scope(block_scope);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_while(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+                        LLVMBuilderRef builder, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                        LLVMBasicBlockRef* llvm_start_block,
+                        LLVMBasicBlockRef* llvm_end_block,
+                        const While *while_stmt) {
+    DEBUG("implementing while...");
+    BackendError err;
+
+    // Create condition block
+    LLVMBasicBlockRef while_cond_block = LLVMAppendBasicBlockInContext(unit->context, scope->func_scope->llvm_func,
+                                                                       "loop.while.cond");
+    *llvm_start_block = while_cond_block;
+    LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, while_cond_block);
+    // Resolve condition in block to a variable
+    LLVMValueRef cond_result = NULL;
+    err = impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, (Expression *) while_stmt->conditon, FALSE, &cond_result);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    // build body of loop
+    LLVMBasicBlockRef while_start_body_block = NULL;
+    LLVMBasicBlockRef while_end_body_block = NULL;
+    err = impl_basic_block(unit, builder, scope, &while_stmt->block, &while_start_body_block, &while_end_body_block);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, while_end_body_block);
+    // jump back to condition after body end
+    LLVMBuildBr(builder, while_cond_block);
+
+    // builder will continue after the loop
+    LLVMBasicBlockRef while_after_block = LLVMAppendBasicBlockInContext(unit->context, scope->func_scope->llvm_func,
+                                                                        "loop.while.after");
+    // build conditional branch at end of condition block
+    LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, while_cond_block);
+    LLVMBuildCondBr(builder, cond_result, while_start_body_block, while_after_block);
+
+    LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, while_after_block);
+
+    *llvm_end_block = while_after_block;
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+gboolean is_parameter_out(Parameter *param) {
+    gboolean is_out = FALSE;
+
+    if (param->kind == ParameterDeclarationKind) {
+        is_out = param->impl.declaration.qualifier == Out || param->impl.declaration.qualifier == InOut;
+    } else {
+        is_out = param->impl.definiton.declaration.qualifier == Out ||
+                 param->impl.definiton.declaration.qualifier == InOut;
+    }
+
+    return is_out;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_func_call(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+                            LLVMBuilderRef builder, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                            const FunctionCall *call) {
+    DEBUG("implementing function call...");
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    LLVMValueRef* arguments = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceLlvm, sizeof(LLVMValueRef) * call->expressions->len);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < call->expressions->len; i++) {
+        Expression *arg = g_array_index(call->expressions, Expression*, i);
+
+        GArray* param_list;
+        if (call->function->kind == FunctionDeclarationKind) {
+            param_list = call->function->impl.definition.parameter;
+        } else {
+            param_list = call->function->impl.declaration.parameter;
+        }
+
+        LLVMBool reference = FALSE;
+        Parameter parameter = g_array_index(param_list, Parameter, i);
+        if (is_parameter_out(&parameter)) {
+            reference = TRUE;
+        }
+
+        LLVMValueRef llvm_arg = NULL;
+        err = impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, arg, reference, &llvm_arg);
+
+        if (err.kind != Success) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        arguments[i] = llvm_arg;
+    }
+
+    if (err.kind == Success) {
+        LLVMValueRef llvm_func = LLVMGetNamedFunction(unit->module, call->function->name);
+
+        if (llvm_func == NULL) {
+            return new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL, "no declared function");
+        }
+
+        LLVMTypeRef llvm_func_type = g_hash_table_lookup(scope->func_scope->global_scope->functions, call->function->name);
+
+        LLVMBuildCall2(builder, llvm_func_type, llvm_func, arguments, call->expressions->len,
+                       "");
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError
+impl_cond_block(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMBuilderRef builder, LLVMLocalScope *scope, Expression *cond,
+                const Block *block, LLVMBasicBlockRef *cond_block, LLVMBasicBlockRef *start_body_block, LLVMBasicBlockRef *end_body_block,
+                LLVMValueRef *llvm_cond) {
+    BackendError err;
+
+    *cond_block = LLVMAppendBasicBlockInContext(unit->context, scope->func_scope->llvm_func,
+                                                "stmt.branch.cond");
+    LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, *cond_block);
+    // Resolve condition in block to a variable
+    err = impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, cond, FALSE, llvm_cond);
+    if (err.kind == Success) {
+        // build body of loop
+        err = impl_basic_block(unit, builder, scope, block, start_body_block, end_body_block);
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_branch(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+                         LLVMBuilderRef builder, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                         LLVMBasicBlockRef* branch_start_block,
+                         LLVMBasicBlockRef* branch_end_block,
+                         const Branch *branch) {
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    GArray *cond_blocks = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(LLVMBasicBlockRef));
+    GArray *start_body_blocks = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(LLVMBasicBlockRef));
+    GArray *end_body_blocks = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(LLVMBasicBlockRef));
+    GArray *cond_values = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(LLVMValueRef));
+
+    // add If to arrays
+    {
+        LLVMBasicBlockRef cond_block = NULL;
+        LLVMBasicBlockRef start_body_block = NULL;
+        LLVMBasicBlockRef end_body_block = NULL;
+        LLVMValueRef cond_value = NULL;
+
+        err = impl_cond_block(unit, builder, scope, branch->ifBranch.conditon, &branch->ifBranch.block,
+                              &cond_block,
+                              &start_body_block, &end_body_block, &cond_value);
+
+        g_array_append_val(cond_blocks, cond_block);
+        g_array_append_val(start_body_blocks, start_body_block);
+        g_array_append_val(end_body_blocks, end_body_block);
+        g_array_append_val(cond_values, cond_value);
+    }
+
+    // generate else if(s)
+    if (branch->elseIfBranches != NULL) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < branch->elseIfBranches->len; i++) {
+            LLVMBasicBlockRef cond_block = NULL;
+            LLVMBasicBlockRef start_body_block = NULL;
+            LLVMBasicBlockRef end_body_block = NULL;
+            LLVMValueRef cond_value = NULL;
+
+            ElseIf *elseIf = ((ElseIf *) branch->elseIfBranches->data) + i;
+
+            err = impl_cond_block(unit, builder, scope, elseIf->conditon, &elseIf->block, &cond_block,
+                                  &start_body_block, &end_body_block, &cond_value);
+
+            g_array_append_val(cond_blocks, cond_block);
+            g_array_append_val(start_body_blocks, start_body_block);
+            g_array_append_val(end_body_blocks, end_body_block);
+            g_array_append_val(cond_values, cond_value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    LLVMBasicBlockRef after_block = NULL;
+
+    // else block
+    if (branch->elseBranch.block.statemnts != NULL) {
+        LLVMBasicBlockRef start_else_block = NULL;
+        err = impl_basic_block(unit, builder, scope, &branch->elseBranch.block, &start_else_block, &after_block);
+        g_array_append_val(cond_blocks, start_else_block);
+    }
+
+    if (after_block == NULL) {
+        after_block = LLVMAppendBasicBlockInContext(unit->context, scope->func_scope->llvm_func,
+                                                    "stmt.branch.after");
+    }
+
+    LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, after_block);
+    // in case no else block is present
+    // make the after block the else
+    if (branch->elseBranch.block.statemnts == NULL) {
+        g_array_append_val(cond_blocks, after_block);
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < cond_blocks->len - 1; i++) {
+        LLVMBasicBlockRef next_block = g_array_index(cond_blocks, LLVMBasicBlockRef, i + 1);
+        LLVMBasicBlockRef cond_block =  g_array_index(cond_blocks, LLVMBasicBlockRef, i);
+        LLVMBasicBlockRef start_body_block =  g_array_index(start_body_blocks, LLVMBasicBlockRef, i);
+        LLVMBasicBlockRef end_body_block = g_array_index(end_body_blocks, LLVMBasicBlockRef, i);
+        LLVMValueRef cond_value = g_array_index(cond_values, LLVMValueRef, i);
+
+        LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, cond_block);
+        LLVMBuildCondBr(builder, cond_value, start_body_block, next_block);
+
+        LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(builder, end_body_block);
+        LLVMBuildBr(builder, after_block);
+    }
+
+    *branch_start_block = g_array_index(cond_blocks, LLVMBasicBlockRef, 0);
+    *branch_end_block = after_block;
+
+    g_array_free(cond_blocks, TRUE);
+    g_array_free(start_body_blocks, TRUE);
+    g_array_free(end_body_blocks, TRUE);
+    g_array_free(cond_values, TRUE);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_decl(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+                       LLVMBuilderRef builder,
+                       LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                       VariableDeclaration *decl,
+                       const char *name) {
+    DEBUG("implementing local declaration: %s", name);
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+    LLVMTypeRef llvm_type = NULL;
+    err = get_type_impl(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope, decl->type, &llvm_type);
+
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG("creating local variable...");
+    LLVMValueRef local = LLVMBuildAlloca(builder, llvm_type, name);
+
+    LLVMValueRef initial_value = NULL;
+    err = get_type_default_value(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope, decl->type, &initial_value);
+
+    if (err.kind == Success) {
+        DEBUG("setting default value...");
+        LLVMBuildStore(builder, initial_value, local);
+        g_hash_table_insert(scope->vars, (gpointer) name, local);
+    } else {
+        ERROR("unable to initialize local variable: %s", err.impl.message);
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_def(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+                      LLVMBuilderRef builder,
+                      LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                      VariableDefiniton *def,
+                      const char *name) {
+    DEBUG("implementing local definition: %s", name);
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+    LLVMTypeRef llvm_type = NULL;
+    err = get_type_impl(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope, def->declaration.type, &llvm_type);
+
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    LLVMValueRef initial_value = NULL;
+    err = impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, def->initializer, FALSE, &initial_value);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG("creating local variable...");
+    LLVMValueRef local = LLVMBuildAlloca(builder, llvm_type, name);
+
+    DEBUG("setting default value");
+    LLVMBuildStore(builder, initial_value, local);
+    g_hash_table_insert(scope->vars, (gpointer) name, local);
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_var(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+                      LLVMBuilderRef builder,
+                      LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                      Variable *var) {
+    BackendError err;
+
+    switch (var->kind) {
+        case VariableKindDeclaration:
+            err = impl_decl(unit, builder, scope, &var->impl.declaration, var->name);
+            break;
+        case VariableKindDefinition:
+            err = impl_def(unit, builder, scope, &var->impl.definiton, var->name);
+            break;
+        default:
+            err = new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL, "Unexpected variable kind in statement");
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_stmt(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMBuilderRef builder, LLVMLocalScope *scope, Statement *stmt, LLVMBasicBlockRef* llvm_start_block, LLVMBasicBlockRef* llvm_end_block) {
+    assert(stmt != NULL);
+    DEBUG("implementing statement: %ld", stmt->kind);
+    BackendError err;
+
+    switch (stmt->kind) {
+        case StatementKindAssignment:
+            err = impl_assign_stmt(unit, builder, scope, &stmt->impl.assignment);
+            break;
+        case StatementKindBranch:
+            err = impl_branch(unit, builder, scope, llvm_start_block, llvm_end_block, &stmt->impl.branch);
+            break;
+        case StatementKindDeclaration:
+        case StatementKindDefinition:
+            err = impl_var(unit, builder, scope, stmt->impl.variable);
+            break;
+        case StatementKindWhile:
+            err = impl_while(unit, builder, scope, llvm_start_block, llvm_end_block, &stmt->impl.whileLoop);
+            break;
+        case StatementKindFunctionCall:
+            err = impl_func_call(unit, builder, scope, &stmt->impl.call);
+            break;
+        default:
+            err = new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL, "Unexpected statement kind");
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_block(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+                        LLVMBuilderRef builder, LLVMFuncScope *scope,
+                        LLVMBasicBlockRef* llvm_start_block,
+                        LLVMBasicBlockRef* llvm_end_block,
+                        const Block *block) {
+    DEBUG("Implementing function block...");
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    LLVMLocalScope *function_entry_scope = malloc(sizeof(LLVMLocalScope));
+    function_entry_scope->func_scope = scope;
+    function_entry_scope->vars = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    function_entry_scope->parent_scope = NULL;
+
+    err = impl_basic_block(unit, builder, function_entry_scope, block, llvm_start_block, llvm_end_block);
+
+    delete_local_scope(function_entry_scope);
+
+    return err;
+}

src/llvm/llvm-ir/stmt.h

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 5/28/24.
+//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_BACKEND_STMT_H
+#define LLVM_BACKEND_STMT_H
+
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/func.h>
+
+BackendError impl_block(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+                        LLVMBuilderRef builder, LLVMFuncScope *scope,
+                        LLVMBasicBlockRef* llvm_start_block,
+                        LLVMBasicBlockRef* llvm_end_block,
+                        const Block *block);
+
+BackendError impl_stmt(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMBuilderRef builder, LLVMLocalScope *scope, Statement *stmt,
+                       LLVMBasicBlockRef *llvm_start_block, LLVMBasicBlockRef *llvm_end_block);
+
+#endif // LLVM_BACKEND_STMT_H

src/llvm/llvm-ir/types.c

@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+#include <codegen/backend.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Core.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Types.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/types.h>
+#include <llvm/parser.h>
+#include <set/types.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+#include <set/set.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <mem/cache.h>
+
+#define BASE_BYTES 4
+#define BITS_PER_BYTE 8
+
+char* guid() {
+    return "uuid";
+}
+
+static BackendError get_const_primitive_value(PrimitiveType primitive,
+                                              LLVMTypeRef llvm_type,
+                                              const char* value,
+                                              LLVMValueRef* llvm_value) {
+    switch (primitive) {
+        case Int:
+            *llvm_value = LLVMConstIntOfString(llvm_type, value, 10);
+            break;
+        case Float:
+            *llvm_value = LLVMConstRealOfString(llvm_type, value);
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static BackendError get_const_composite_value(CompositeType composite,
+                                              LLVMTypeRef llvm_type,
+                                              const char* value,
+                                              LLVMValueRef* llvm_value) {
+    return get_const_primitive_value(composite.primitive, llvm_type, value,
+                                     llvm_value);
+}
+
+BackendError impl_reference_const(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, TypeValue* value, LLVMValueRef* llvm_value) {
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+    if (value->type->kind == TypeKindReference && compareTypes(value->type, (Type*) &StringLiteralType)) {
+        // is string literal
+        LLVMValueRef string_value = LLVMConstString(value->value, strlen(value->value), false);
+
+        char uuid[9];
+        sprintf(uuid, "%08x", g_str_hash(value->value));
+
+        LLVMValueRef string_global = LLVMAddGlobal(unit->module, LLVMTypeOf(string_value), uuid);
+        LLVMSetInitializer(string_global, string_value);
+        LLVMSetGlobalConstant(string_global, true);
+        LLVMSetUnnamedAddress(string_global, LLVMGlobalUnnamedAddr);
+        LLVMSetAlignment(string_global, 1);
+
+        *llvm_value = string_global;
+    } else {
+        err = new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, value->nodePtr, "reference initializer can only be string literals");
+    }
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError get_const_type_value(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                  LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                                  TypeValue* gemstone_value,
+                                  LLVMValueRef* llvm_value) {
+    BackendError err;
+
+    LLVMTypeRef llvm_type = NULL;
+    err = get_type_impl(unit, scope, gemstone_value->type, &llvm_type);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    switch (gemstone_value->type->kind) {
+        case TypeKindPrimitive:
+            err = get_const_primitive_value(gemstone_value->type->impl.primitive,
+                                            llvm_type, gemstone_value->value,
+                                            llvm_value);
+            break;
+        case TypeKindComposite:
+            err = get_const_composite_value(gemstone_value->type->impl.composite,
+                                            llvm_type, gemstone_value->value,
+                                            llvm_value);
+            break;
+        case TypeKindReference:
+            err = impl_reference_const(unit, gemstone_value, llvm_value);
+            break;
+        case TypeKindBox:
+            err =
+                new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, gemstone_value->nodePtr,
+                                       "boxes cannot be constant value");
+            break;
+        default:
+            PANIC("invalid value kind: %ld", gemstone_value->type->kind);
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_primtive_type(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                PrimitiveType primtive,
+                                LLVMTypeRef* llvm_type) {
+    switch (primtive) {
+        case Int:
+            DEBUG("implementing primtive integral type...");
+            *llvm_type = LLVMInt32TypeInContext(unit->context);
+            break;
+        case Float:
+            DEBUG("implementing primtive float type...");
+            *llvm_type = LLVMFloatTypeInContext(unit->context);
+            break;
+        default:
+            PANIC("invalid primitive type");
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_integral_type(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, Scale scale,
+                                LLVMTypeRef* llvm_type) {
+    size_t bits = (int)(BASE_BYTES * scale) * BITS_PER_BYTE;
+    DEBUG("implementing integral type of size: %ld", bits);
+    LLVMTypeRef integral_type = LLVMIntTypeInContext(unit->context, bits);
+
+    *llvm_type = integral_type;
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_float_type(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, Scale scale,
+                             LLVMTypeRef* llvm_type) {
+    DEBUG("implementing floating point...");
+    LLVMTypeRef float_type = NULL;
+
+    size_t bytes = (int)(scale * BASE_BYTES);
+    DEBUG("requested float of bytes: %ld", bytes);
+    switch (bytes) {
+        case 2:
+            float_type = LLVMHalfTypeInContext(unit->context);
+            break;
+        case 4:
+            float_type = LLVMFloatTypeInContext(unit->context);
+            break;
+        case 8:
+            float_type = LLVMDoubleTypeInContext(unit->context);
+            break;
+        case 16:
+            float_type = LLVMFP128TypeInContext(unit->context);
+            break;
+        default:
+            ERROR("invalid floating point size: %ld bit",
+                  bytes * BITS_PER_BYTE);
+            break;
+    }
+
+    if (float_type != NULL) {
+        *llvm_type = float_type;
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    return new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL,
+                                  "floating point with scale not supported");
+}
+
+BackendError impl_composite_type(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                 CompositeType* composite,
+                                 LLVMTypeRef* llvm_type) {
+    DEBUG("implementing composite type...");
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    switch (composite->primitive) {
+        case Int:
+            err = impl_integral_type(unit, composite->scale, llvm_type);
+            break;
+        case Float:
+            if (composite->sign == Signed) {
+                err = impl_float_type(unit, composite->scale, llvm_type);
+            } else {
+                ERROR("unsigned floating point not supported");
+                err = new_backend_impl_error(
+                    Implementation, composite->nodePtr,
+                    "unsigned floating-point not supported");
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            PANIC("invalid primitive kind: %ld", composite->primitive);
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_reference_type(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                 LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                                 ReferenceType reference,
+                                 LLVMTypeRef* llvm_type);
+
+BackendError impl_box_type(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                           BoxType* reference, LLVMTypeRef* llvm_type);
+
+BackendError get_type_impl(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                           Type* gemstone_type, LLVMTypeRef* llvm_type) {
+    DEBUG("retrieving type implementation...");
+    BackendError err;
+
+    switch (gemstone_type->kind) {
+        case TypeKindPrimitive:
+            err = impl_primtive_type(unit, gemstone_type->impl.primitive,
+                                     llvm_type);
+            break;
+        case TypeKindComposite:
+            err = impl_composite_type(unit, &gemstone_type->impl.composite,
+                                      llvm_type);
+            break;
+        case TypeKindReference:
+            err = impl_reference_type(unit, scope,
+                                      gemstone_type->impl.reference, llvm_type);
+            break;
+        case TypeKindBox:
+            err =
+                impl_box_type(unit, scope, gemstone_type->impl.box, llvm_type);
+            break;
+        default:
+            PANIC("invalid type kind: %ld", gemstone_type->kind);
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_box_type(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                           BoxType* box, LLVMTypeRef* llvm_type) {
+    DEBUG("implementing box type...");
+    GHashTableIter iterator;
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iterator, box->member);
+
+    gpointer key = NULL;
+    gpointer val = NULL;
+
+    BackendError err;
+
+    GArray* members = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(LLVMTypeRef));
+
+    DEBUG("implementing box members...");
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iterator, &key, &val) != FALSE) {
+        Type* member_type = ((BoxMember*)val)->type;
+
+        DEBUG("implementing member: %s ", ((BoxMember*)val)->name);
+
+        LLVMTypeRef llvm_local_type = NULL;
+        err = get_type_impl(unit, scope, member_type, &llvm_local_type);
+
+        if (err.kind != Success) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        g_array_append_val(members, llvm_type);
+    }
+    DEBUG("implemented %ld members", members->len);
+
+    if (err.kind == Success) {
+        *llvm_type =
+            LLVMStructType((LLVMTypeRef*)members->data, members->len, 0);
+    }
+
+    g_array_free(members, FALSE);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_reference_type(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                 LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                                 ReferenceType reference,
+                                 LLVMTypeRef* llvm_type) {
+    DEBUG("implementing reference type...");
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+    LLVMTypeRef type = NULL;
+    err = get_type_impl(unit, scope, reference, &type);
+
+    if (err.kind == Success) {
+        *llvm_type = LLVMPointerType(type, 0);
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_type(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, Type* gemstone_type,
+                       const char* alias, LLVMGlobalScope* scope) {
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+    DEBUG("implementing type of kind: %ld as %s", gemstone_type->kind, alias);
+
+    LLVMTypeRef llvm_type = NULL;
+    err = get_type_impl(unit, scope, gemstone_type, &llvm_type);
+
+    if (err.kind == Success) {
+        g_hash_table_insert(scope->types, (gpointer)alias, llvm_type);
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_type_define(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, Typedefine* gemstone_type,
+                       const char* alias, LLVMGlobalScope* scope) {
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+    DEBUG("implementing type of kind: %ld as %s", gemstone_type->type->kind, alias);
+
+    err = impl_type(unit, gemstone_type->type, alias, scope);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_types(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                        GHashTable* types) {
+    DEBUG("implementing given types of %p", types);
+    GHashTableIter iterator;
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iterator, types);
+
+    gpointer key = NULL;
+    gpointer val = NULL;
+
+    BackendError err;
+
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iterator, &key, &val) != FALSE) {
+        err = impl_type_define(unit, (Typedefine*) val, (const char*)key, scope);
+
+        if (err.kind != Success) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError get_primitive_default_value(PrimitiveType type,
+                                         LLVMTypeRef llvm_type,
+                                         LLVMValueRef* llvm_value) {
+    DEBUG("building primitive %ld default value", type);
+    switch (type) {
+        case Int:
+            *llvm_value = LLVMConstIntOfString(llvm_type, "0", 10);
+            break;
+        case Float:
+            *llvm_value = LLVMConstRealOfString(llvm_type, "0");
+            break;
+        default:
+            ERROR("invalid primitive type: %ld", type);
+            return new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL,
+                                          "unknown primitive type");
+    }
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+BackendError get_composite_default_value(CompositeType* composite,
+                                         LLVMTypeRef llvm_type,
+                                         LLVMValueRef* llvm_value) {
+    DEBUG("building composite default value");
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    switch (composite->primitive) {
+        case Int:
+            err = get_primitive_default_value(Int, llvm_type, llvm_value);
+            break;
+        case Float:
+            if (composite->sign == Signed) {
+                err = get_primitive_default_value(Float, llvm_type, llvm_value);
+            } else {
+                err = new_backend_impl_error(
+                    Implementation, composite->nodePtr,
+                    "unsigned floating-point not supported");
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            ERROR("invalid primitive type: %ld", composite->primitive);
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError get_reference_default_value(LLVMTypeRef llvm_type,
+                                         LLVMValueRef* llvm_value) {
+    DEBUG("building reference default value");
+    *llvm_value = LLVMConstPointerNull(llvm_type);
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+BackendError get_box_default_value(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                   LLVMGlobalScope* scope, BoxType* type,
+                                   LLVMTypeRef llvm_type,
+                                   LLVMValueRef* llvm_value) {
+    DEBUG("building box default value...");
+    GHashTableIter iterator;
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iterator, type->member);
+
+    gpointer key = NULL;
+    gpointer val = NULL;
+
+    BackendError err;
+
+    GArray* constants = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(LLVMValueRef));
+
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iterator, &key, &val) != FALSE) {
+        Type* member_type = ((BoxMember*)val)->type;
+
+        LLVMValueRef constant = NULL;
+        err = get_type_default_value(unit, scope, member_type, &constant);
+
+        if (err.kind != Success) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    DEBUG("build %ld member default values", constants->len);
+
+    *llvm_value = LLVMConstNamedStruct(
+        llvm_type, (LLVMValueRef*)constants->data, constants->len);
+
+    g_array_free(constants, FALSE);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError get_type_default_value(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                    LLVMGlobalScope* scope, Type* gemstone_type,
+                                    LLVMValueRef* llvm_value) {
+    BackendError err;
+
+    LLVMTypeRef llvm_type = NULL;
+    err = get_type_impl(unit, scope, gemstone_type, &llvm_type);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    switch (gemstone_type->kind) {
+        case TypeKindPrimitive:
+            err = get_primitive_default_value(gemstone_type->impl.primitive,
+                                              llvm_type, llvm_value);
+            break;
+        case TypeKindComposite:
+            err = get_composite_default_value(&gemstone_type->impl.composite,
+                                              llvm_type, llvm_value);
+            break;
+        case TypeKindReference:
+            err = get_reference_default_value(llvm_type, llvm_value);
+            break;
+        case TypeKindBox:
+            err = get_box_default_value(unit, scope, gemstone_type->impl.box,
+                                        llvm_type, llvm_value);
+            break;
+        default:
+            PANIC("invalid type kind: %ld", gemstone_type->kind);
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}

src/llvm/llvm-ir/types.h

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+
+#ifndef LLVM_BACKEND_TYPES_H_
+#define LLVM_BACKEND_TYPES_H_
+
+#include <codegen/backend.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Core.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Types.h>
+#include <llvm/parser.h>
+#include <set/types.h>
+
+BackendError impl_types(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                        GHashTable* types);
+
+BackendError get_type_impl(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                           Type* gemstone_type, LLVMTypeRef* llvm_type);
+
+BackendError get_type_default_value(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                    LLVMGlobalScope* scope, Type* gemstone_type,
+                                    LLVMValueRef* llvm_value);
+
+BackendError get_const_type_value(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                  LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                                  TypeValue* gemstone_value,
+                                  LLVMValueRef* llvm_value);
+
+#endif  // LLVM_BACKEND_TYPES_H_

src/llvm/llvm-ir/variables.c

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+
+#include <codegen/backend.h>
+#include <set/types.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/variables.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Core.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Types.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/types.h>
+
+BackendError impl_global_declaration(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                     LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                                     VariableDeclaration* decl,
+                                     const char* name) {
+    DEBUG("implementing global declaration: %s", name);
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+    LLVMTypeRef llvm_type = NULL;
+    err = get_type_impl(unit, scope, decl->type, &llvm_type);
+
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG("creating global variable...");
+    LLVMValueRef global = LLVMAddGlobal(unit->module, llvm_type, name);
+
+    LLVMValueRef initial_value = NULL;
+    err = get_type_default_value(unit, scope, decl->type, &initial_value);
+
+    if (err.kind == Success) {
+        DEBUG("setting default value...");
+        LLVMSetInitializer(global, initial_value);
+        g_hash_table_insert(scope->variables, (gpointer)name, global);
+    } else {
+        ERROR("unable to initialize global variable: %s", err.impl.message);
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_global_definiton(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                   LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                                   VariableDefiniton* def, const char* name) {
+    DEBUG("implementing global definition: %s", name);
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+    LLVMTypeRef llvm_type = NULL;
+    err = get_type_impl(unit, scope, def->declaration.type, &llvm_type);
+
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG("creating global variable...");
+    LLVMValueRef global = LLVMAddGlobal(unit->module, llvm_type, name);
+
+    // FIXME: resolve initializer expression!
+    LLVMValueRef initial_value = NULL;
+    err = get_type_default_value(unit, scope, def->declaration.type,
+                                 &initial_value);
+
+    if (err.kind == Success) {
+        DEBUG("setting default value");
+        LLVMSetInitializer(global, initial_value);
+        g_hash_table_insert(scope->variables, (gpointer)name, global);
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_global_variable(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                  Variable* gemstone_var, const char* alias,
+                                  LLVMGlobalScope* scope) {
+    DEBUG("implementing global variable: %s", alias);
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    switch (gemstone_var->kind) {
+        case VariableKindDeclaration:
+            err = impl_global_declaration(
+                unit, scope, &gemstone_var->impl.declaration, alias);
+            break;
+        case VariableKindDefinition:
+            err = impl_global_definiton(unit, scope,
+                                        &gemstone_var->impl.definiton, alias);
+            break;
+        case VariableKindBoxMember:
+            err = new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, gemstone_var->nodePtr,
+                                         "member variable cannot be ");
+            break;
+        default:
+            PANIC("invalid variable kind: %ld", gemstone_var->kind);
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError impl_global_variables(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                   LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                                   GHashTable* variables) {
+    DEBUG("implementing global variables...");
+    GHashTableIter iterator;
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iterator, variables);
+
+    gpointer key = NULL;
+    gpointer val = NULL;
+
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    size_t variable_count = 0;
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iterator, &key, &val) != FALSE) {
+        err =
+            impl_global_variable(unit, (Variable*)val, (const char*)key, scope);
+
+        if (err.kind != Success) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        variable_count++;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG("implemented %ld global variables", variable_count);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+LLVMValueRef get_global_variable(LLVMGlobalScope* scope, char* name) {
+    if (g_hash_table_contains(scope->variables, name)) {
+        return g_hash_table_lookup(scope->variables, name);
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}

src/llvm/llvm-ir/variables.h

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+#ifndef LLVM_BACKEND_VARIABLES_H_
+#define LLVM_BACKEND_VARIABLES_H_
+
+#include <codegen/backend.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Core.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Types.h>
+#include <llvm/parser.h>
+#include <set/types.h>
+
+BackendError impl_global_variables(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                   LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
+                                   GHashTable* variables);
+
+LLVMValueRef get_global_variable(LLVMGlobalScope* scope, char* name);
+
+#endif  // LLVM_BACKEND_VARIABLES_H_

src/llvm/parser.c

@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+
+#include <codegen/backend.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Core.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Target.h>
+#include <llvm-c/TargetMachine.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Types.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Analysis.h>
+#include <llvm/backend.h>
+#include <llvm/parser.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/types.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/variables.h>
+#include <llvm/llvm-ir/func.h>
+#include <set/types.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+#include <llvm/link/lld.h>
+
+BackendError export_IR(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, const Target* target,
+                       const TargetConfig* config) {
+    DEBUG("exporting module to LLVM-IR...");
+
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    // convert module to LLVM-IR
+    char* ir = LLVMPrintModuleToString(unit->module);
+
+    char* basename = g_strjoin(".", target->name.str, "ll", NULL);
+    // construct file name
+    const char* filename = g_build_filename(config->archive_directory, basename, NULL);
+
+    INFO("Writing LLVM-IR to %s", filename);
+
+    DEBUG("opening file...");
+    FILE* output = fopen(filename, "w");
+    if (output == NULL) {
+        ERROR("unable to open file: %s", filename);
+        err = new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL,
+                                     "unable to open file for writing");
+        LLVMDisposeMessage(ir);
+    }
+
+    DEBUG("printing LLVM-IR to file...");
+
+    size_t bytes = fprintf(output, "%s", ir);
+
+    // flush and close output file
+    fflush(output);
+    fclose(output);
+
+    INFO("%ld bytes written to %s", bytes, filename);
+
+    g_free((char*)filename);
+    g_free(basename);
+
+    // clean up LLVM-IR string
+    LLVMDisposeMessage(ir);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError emit_module_to_file(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                 LLVMTargetMachineRef target_machine,
+                                 LLVMCodeGenFileType file_type, char* error,
+                                 const TargetConfig* config) {
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+    DEBUG("Generating code...");
+
+    const char* basename;
+    const char* filename;
+    switch (file_type) {
+        case LLVMAssemblyFile:
+            basename = g_strjoin(".", config->name, "s", NULL);
+            filename = g_build_filename(config->archive_directory, basename, NULL);
+            break;
+        case LLVMObjectFile:
+            basename = g_strjoin(".", config->name, "o", NULL);
+            filename = g_build_filename(config->archive_directory, basename, NULL);
+            break;
+        default:
+            return new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL,
+                                          "invalid codegen file");
+    }
+
+    INFO("export to file: %s", filename);
+
+    if (LLVMTargetMachineEmitToFile(target_machine, unit->module, filename,
+                                    file_type, &error) != 0) {
+        ERROR("failed to emit code: %s", error);
+        err =
+            new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL, "failed to emit code");
+        LLVMDisposeMessage(error);
+    } else {
+        print_message(Info, "Generated code was written to: %s", filename);
+    }
+
+    g_free((void*) filename);
+    g_free((void*) basename);
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError export_object(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, const Target* target,
+                           const TargetConfig* config) {
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+    DEBUG("exporting object file...");
+
+    INFO("Using target (%s): %s with features: %s", target->name.str,
+         target->triple.str, target->features.str);
+
+    LLVMTargetRef llvm_target = NULL;
+    char* error = NULL;
+
+    LLVMInitializeAllTargets();
+    LLVMInitializeAllTargetInfos();
+    LLVMInitializeAllTargetMCs();
+    // NOTE: for code generation (assmebly or binary) we need the following:
+    LLVMInitializeAllAsmParsers();
+    LLVMInitializeAllAsmPrinters();
+
+    DEBUG("creating target...");
+    if (LLVMGetTargetFromTriple(target->triple.str, &llvm_target, &error) !=
+        0) {
+        ERROR("failed to create target machine: %s", error);
+        err = new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL,
+                                     "unable to create target machine");
+        LLVMDisposeMessage(error);
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG("Creating target machine...");
+    LLVMTargetMachineRef target_machine = LLVMCreateTargetMachine(
+        llvm_target, target->triple.str, target->cpu.str, target->features.str,
+        target->opt, target->reloc, target->model);
+
+    print_message(Info, "Generating code for: %s", target->triple.str);
+
+    if (config->print_asm) {
+        err = emit_module_to_file(unit, target_machine, LLVMAssemblyFile, error,
+                                  config);
+    }
+
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    err = emit_module_to_file(unit, target_machine, LLVMObjectFile, error,
+                              config);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+void list_available_targets() {
+    DEBUG("initializing all available targets...");
+    LLVMInitializeAllTargetInfos();
+
+    printf("Available targets:\n");
+
+    LLVMTargetRef target = LLVMGetFirstTarget();
+    while (target) {
+        const char* name = LLVMGetTargetName(target);
+        const char* desc = LLVMGetTargetDescription(target);
+        printf(" - %s: (%s)\n", name, desc);
+
+        target = LLVMGetNextTarget(target);
+    }
+
+    char* default_triple = LLVMGetDefaultTargetTriple();
+
+    printf("Default: %s\n", default_triple);
+
+    LLVMDisposeMessage(default_triple);
+}
+
+BackendError export_module(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, const Target* target,
+                           const TargetConfig* config) {
+    DEBUG("exporting module...");
+
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    export_object(unit, target, config);
+
+    if (config->print_ir) {
+        export_IR(unit, target, config);
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+static BackendError build_module(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
+                                 LLVMGlobalScope* global_scope,
+                                 const Module* module) {
+    DEBUG("building module...");
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    err = impl_types(unit, global_scope, module->types);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    // NOTE: functions of boxes are not stored in the box itself,
+    //       thus for a box we only implement the type
+    err = impl_types(unit, global_scope, module->boxes);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    err = impl_global_variables(unit, global_scope, module->variables);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    err = impl_function_types(unit, global_scope, module->functions);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    err = impl_functions(unit, global_scope, module->functions);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    char* error = NULL;
+    if (LLVMVerifyModule(unit->module, LLVMReturnStatusAction, &error)) {
+        print_message(Error, "Unable to compile due to: %s", error);
+        LLVMDisposeMessage(error);
+        err = new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL, "LLVM backend verification error, see stdout");
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+BackendError parse_module(const Module* module, const TargetConfig* config) {
+    DEBUG("generating code for module %p", module);
+    if (module == NULL) {
+        ERROR("no module for codegen");
+        return new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL, "no module");
+    }
+
+    LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit = malloc(sizeof(LLVMBackendCompileUnit));
+
+    // we start with a LLVM module
+    DEBUG("creating LLVM context and module");
+    unit->context = LLVMContextCreate();
+    unit->module =
+        LLVMModuleCreateWithNameInContext(config->root_module, unit->context);
+
+    LLVMGlobalScope* global_scope = new_global_scope(module);
+
+    DEBUG("generating code...");
+
+    BackendError err = build_module(unit, global_scope, module);
+    if (err.kind == Success) {
+        INFO("Module build successfully...");
+        Target target = create_target_from_config(config);
+
+        err = export_module(unit, &target, config);
+        if (err.kind == Success) {
+            if (config->mode == Application) {
+                TargetLinkConfig* link_config = lld_create_link_config(&target, config, module);
+
+                lld_link_target(link_config);
+
+                lld_delete_link_config(link_config);
+            }
+        }
+
+        delete_target(target);
+    }
+
+    delete_global_scope(global_scope);
+
+    LLVMDisposeModule(unit->module);
+    LLVMContextDispose(unit->context);
+
+    free(unit);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+LLVMGlobalScope* new_global_scope(const Module* module) {
+    DEBUG("creating global scope...");
+    LLVMGlobalScope* scope = malloc(sizeof(LLVMGlobalScope));
+
+    scope->module = (Module*) module;
+    scope->functions = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    scope->variables = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    scope->types = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+
+    return scope;
+}
+
+void delete_global_scope(LLVMGlobalScope* scope) {
+    DEBUG("deleting global scope...");
+    g_hash_table_unref(scope->functions);
+    g_hash_table_unref(scope->types);
+    g_hash_table_unref(scope->variables);
+    free(scope);
+}

src/llvm/parser.h

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+
+#ifndef LLVM_BACKEND_PARSE_H_
+#define LLVM_BACKEND_PARSE_H_
+
+#include <set/types.h>
+#include <codegen/backend.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Types.h>
+#include <llvm-c/Core.h>
+
+typedef struct LLVMBackendCompileUnit_t {
+    LLVMContextRef context;
+    LLVMModuleRef module;
+} LLVMBackendCompileUnit;
+
+typedef struct LLVMGlobalScope_t {
+    GHashTable* types;
+    // of type LLVMValueRef
+    GHashTable* variables;
+    // of type LLVMTypeRef
+    GHashTable* functions;
+    // module definition
+    Module* module;
+} LLVMGlobalScope;
+
+LLVMGlobalScope* new_global_scope(const Module* module);
+
+void list_available_targets();
+
+void delete_global_scope(LLVMGlobalScope* scope);
+
+BackendError parse_module(const Module* module, const TargetConfig* config);
+
+#endif // LLVM_BACKEND_PARSE_H_

src/main.c

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <lex/util.h>
 #include <cfg/opt.h>
 #include <compiler.h>
+#include <llvm/parser.h>
 #include <mem/cache.h>
 
 /**
@@ -58,9 +59,14 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         exit(0);
     }
 
+    if (is_option_set("list-targets")) {
+        list_available_targets();
+        exit(0);
+    }
+
     run_compiler();
 
-    if (is_option_set("print-memory-stats")) {
+    if (is_option_set("print-gc-stats")) {
         print_memory_statistics();
     }
 

src/mem/cache.c

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <glib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <assert.h>
+#include <cfg/opt.h>
 
 static GHashTable* namespaces = NULL;
 
@@ -20,6 +21,17 @@ typedef struct MemoryNamespaceStatistic_t {
     size_t purged_free_count;
 } MemoryNamespaceStatistic;
 
+typedef enum MemoryBlockType_t {
+    GenericBlock,
+    GLIB_Array,
+    GLIB_HashTable
+} MemoryBlockType;
+
+typedef struct MemoryBlock_t {
+    void* block_ptr;
+    MemoryBlockType kind;
+} MemoryBlock;
+
 typedef struct MemoryNamespace_t {
     MemoryNamespaceStatistic statistic;
     GArray* blocks;
@@ -44,9 +56,11 @@ static void* namespace_malloc(MemoryNamespaceRef memoryNamespace, size_t size) {
     assert(memoryNamespace != NULL);
     assert(size != 0);
 
-    void* block = malloc(size);
+    MemoryBlock block;
+    block.block_ptr = malloc(size);
+    block.kind = GenericBlock;
 
-    if (block == NULL) {
+    if (block.block_ptr == NULL) {
         memoryNamespace->statistic.faulty_allocations ++;
     } else {
         g_array_append_val(memoryNamespace->blocks, block);
@@ -55,20 +69,36 @@ static void* namespace_malloc(MemoryNamespaceRef memoryNamespace, size_t size) {
         memoryNamespace->statistic.bytes_allocated += size;
     }
 
-    return block;
+    return block.block_ptr;
+}
+
+static void namespace_free_block(MemoryBlock block) {
+    switch (block.kind) {
+        case GenericBlock:
+            free(block.block_ptr);
+            break;
+        case GLIB_Array:
+            g_array_free(block.block_ptr, TRUE);
+            break;
+        case GLIB_HashTable:
+            g_hash_table_destroy(block.block_ptr);
+            break;
+    }
 }
 
 static gboolean namespace_free(MemoryNamespaceRef memoryNamespace, void* block) {
     for (guint i = 0; i < memoryNamespace->blocks->len; i++) {
-        void* current_block = g_array_index(memoryNamespace->blocks, void*, i);
+        MemoryBlock current_block = g_array_index(memoryNamespace->blocks, MemoryBlock, i);
 
-        if (current_block == block) {
+        if (current_block.block_ptr == block) {
             assert(block != NULL);
 
-            free(block);
+            namespace_free_block(current_block);
+
             g_array_remove_index(memoryNamespace->blocks, i);
 
             memoryNamespace->statistic.manual_free_count++;
+
             return TRUE;
         }
     }
@@ -79,13 +109,13 @@ static void* namespace_realloc(MemoryNamespaceRef memoryNamespace, void* block,
     void* reallocated_block = NULL;
 
     for (guint i = 0; i < memoryNamespace->blocks->len; i++) {
-        void* current_block = g_array_index(memoryNamespace->blocks, void*, i);
+        MemoryBlock current_block = g_array_index(memoryNamespace->blocks, MemoryBlock, i);
 
-        if (current_block == block) {
+        if (current_block.block_ptr == block) {
-            reallocated_block = realloc(block, size);
+            reallocated_block = realloc(current_block.block_ptr, size);
 
             if (reallocated_block != NULL) {
-                g_array_index(memoryNamespace->blocks, void*, i) = reallocated_block;
+                g_array_index(memoryNamespace->blocks, MemoryBlock, i).block_ptr = reallocated_block;
                 memoryNamespace->statistic.bytes_allocated += size;
                 memoryNamespace->statistic.reallocation_count ++;
             } else {
@@ -107,9 +137,9 @@ static void namespace_delete(MemoryNamespaceRef memoryNamespace) {
 static void namespace_purge(MemoryNamespaceRef memoryNamespace) {
 
     for (guint i = 0; i < memoryNamespace->blocks->len; i++) {
-        void* current_block = g_array_index(memoryNamespace->blocks, void*, i);
+        MemoryBlock current_block = g_array_index(memoryNamespace->blocks, MemoryBlock, i);
 
-        free(current_block);
+        namespace_free_block(current_block);
 
         memoryNamespace->statistic.purged_free_count ++;
     }
@@ -120,7 +150,7 @@ static void namespace_purge(MemoryNamespaceRef memoryNamespace) {
 static MemoryNamespaceRef namespace_new() {
     MemoryNamespaceRef memoryNamespace = malloc(sizeof(MemoryNamespace));
 
-    memoryNamespace->blocks = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(void*));
+    memoryNamespace->blocks = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(MemoryBlock));
     memoryNamespace->statistic.bytes_allocated = 0;
     memoryNamespace->statistic.allocation_count = 0;
     memoryNamespace->statistic.manual_free_count = 0;
@@ -132,6 +162,30 @@ static MemoryNamespaceRef namespace_new() {
     return memoryNamespace;
 }
 
+GArray *namespace_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceRef namespace, guint size) {
+    MemoryBlock block;
+    block.block_ptr = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, size);
+    block.kind = GLIB_Array;
+
+    g_array_append_val(namespace->blocks, block);
+    namespace->statistic.bytes_allocated += sizeof(GArray*);
+    namespace->statistic.allocation_count ++;
+
+    return block.block_ptr;
+}
+
+GHashTable *namespace_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceRef namespace, GHashFunc hash_func, GEqualFunc key_equal_func) {
+    MemoryBlock block;
+    block.block_ptr = g_hash_table_new(hash_func, key_equal_func);
+    block.kind = GLIB_HashTable;
+
+    g_array_append_val(namespace->blocks, block);
+    namespace->statistic.bytes_allocated += sizeof(GHashTable*);
+    namespace->statistic.allocation_count ++;
+
+    return block.block_ptr;
+}
+
 static void cleanup() {
     if (namespaces == NULL) {
         printf("==> Memory cache was unused <==\n");
@@ -221,7 +275,7 @@ void mem_purge_namespace(MemoryNamespaceName name) {
 
         namespace_purge(cache);
     } else {
-        PANIC("purging invalid namespace: %s", name);
+        WARN("purging invalid namespace: %s", name);
     }
 }
 
@@ -267,5 +321,25 @@ void print_memory_statistics() {
 
     namespace_statistics_print(&total, "summary");
 
-    printf("Note: untracked are memory allocations from external libraries.\n");
+    printf("Note: untracked are memory allocations from external libraries and non-gc managed components.\n");
+}
+
+GArray* mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceName name, guint element_size) {
+    MemoryNamespaceRef cache = check_namespace(name);
+
+    if (cache == NULL) {
+        PANIC("memory namespace not created");
+    }
+
+    return namespace_new_g_array(cache, element_size);
+}
+
+GHashTable* mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceName name, GHashFunc hash_func, GEqualFunc key_equal_func) {
+    MemoryNamespaceRef cache = check_namespace(name);
+
+    if (cache == NULL) {
+        PANIC("memory namespace not created");
+    }
+
+    return namespace_new_g_hash_table(cache, hash_func, key_equal_func);
 }

src/mem/cache.h

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 #include <mem/cache.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
+#include <glib.h>
 
 typedef char* MemoryNamespaceName;
 
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ typedef char* MemoryNamespaceName;
 #define MemoryNamespaceOpt "Options"
 #define MemoryNamespaceSet "SET"
 #define MemoryNamespaceLlvm "LLVM"
+#define MemoryNamespaceLld "LLD"
 #define MemoryNamespaceIo "I/O"
 #define MemoryNamespaceStatic "Static"
 
@@ -86,4 +88,8 @@ void* mem_clone(MemoryNamespaceName name, void* data, size_t size);
 
 void print_memory_statistics();
 
+GArray* mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceName name, guint element_size);
+
+GHashTable* mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceName name, GHashFunc hash_func, GEqualFunc key_equal_func);
+
 #endif //GEMSTONE_CACHE_H

src/set/set.h

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#ifndef _SET_H_
+#define _SET_H_
+
+#include <ast/ast.h>
+#include <set/types.h>
+
+#define SEMANTIC_OK 0
+#define SEMANTIC_ERROR 1
+
+// type of string literal
+extern const Type StringLiteralType;
+
+Module * create_set(AST_NODE_PTR rootNodePtr );
+
+void delete_set(Module* module);
+
+bool compareTypes(Type *leftType, Type *rightType);
+
+#endif

src/set/types.h

@@ -0,0 +1,620 @@
+
+#ifndef SET_TYPES_H_
+#define SET_TYPES_H_
+
+#include <glib.h>
+#include <ast/ast.h>
+
+// with of primitive types (int/float) in bytes
+#define BASE_BYTES 4
+
+/**
+ * @brief Primitive types form the basis of all other types.
+ * 
+ */
+typedef enum PrimitiveType_t {
+    // 4 byte signed integer in two's complement
+    Int =0,
+    // 4 byte IEEE-754 single precision
+    Float =1
+} PrimitiveType;
+
+/**
+ * @brief Represents the sign of a composite type.
+ * 
+ */
+typedef enum Sign_t {
+    // type has no sign bit
+    Unsigned = 0,
+    // type has a sign bit
+    Signed = 1
+} Sign;
+
+/**
+ * @brief Represents the scale of composite type which is multiplied
+ *        with the base size in order to retrieve the the composites size.
+ * @attention Valid value are: { 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8 }
+ * 
+ */
+typedef double Scale;
+
+/**
+ * @brief A composite type is an extended definition of a primitive type.
+ * 
+ */
+typedef struct CompositeType_t {
+    // sign of composite
+    Sign sign;
+    Scale scale;
+    PrimitiveType primitive;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} CompositeType;
+
+/**
+ * @brief Specifies the specific type of the generic type struct.
+ * 
+ */
+typedef enum TypeKind_t {
+    TypeKindPrimitive,
+    TypeKindComposite,
+    TypeKindBox,
+    TypeKindReference
+} TypeKind;
+
+typedef struct Type_t Type;
+
+/**
+ * @brief Reference points to a type.
+ * @attention Can be nested. A reference can point to another reference: REF -> REF -> REF -> Primitive
+ * 
+ */
+typedef Type* ReferenceType;
+
+typedef struct BoxType_t BoxType;
+
+typedef struct Block_t Block;
+
+typedef struct Expression_t Expression;
+
+typedef struct BoxMember_t {
+    const char* name;
+    Type* type;
+    BoxType* box;
+    Expression* initalizer;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} BoxMember;
+
+/**
+ * @brief Essentially a g   lorified struct
+ * 
+ */
+typedef struct BoxType_t {
+    // hashtable of members.
+    // Associates the memebers name (const char*) with its type (BoxMember) 
+    GHashTable* member; //BoxMember Pointer
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} BoxType;
+
+typedef struct Variable_t Variable;
+
+typedef struct BoxAccess_t {
+    // list of recursive box accesses
+    // contains a list of BoxMembers (each specifying their own type, name and box type)
+    GArray* member;
+    // box variable to access
+    Variable* variable;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} BoxAccess;
+
+typedef struct Type_t {
+    // specifiy the kind of this type
+    // used to determine which implementation to choose
+    TypeKind kind;
+    // actual implementation of the type
+    union TypeImplementation_t {
+        PrimitiveType primitive;
+        CompositeType composite;
+        BoxType* box;
+        ReferenceType reference;
+    } impl;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} Type;
+
+typedef struct Typedefine_t {
+    const char* name;
+    Type *type;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} Typedefine;
+
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Reprents the value of type. Can be used to definitions, initialization and for expressions contants.
+ * 
+ */
+typedef struct TypeValue_t {
+    // the type
+    Type *type;
+    // UTF-8 representation of the type's value
+    const char* value;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} TypeValue;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 Functions                      |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+/**
+ * @brief Specifies a parameters I/O properties
+ * 
+ */
+typedef enum IO_Qualifier_t {
+    // Can be read from but not written to.
+    // Function local only.
+    In,
+    // Can be written to but not read from.
+    // Passed back to the functions callee.
+    Out,
+    // Can be read from and written to.
+    // Passed back to the functions callee.
+    InOut,
+} IO_Qualifier;
+
+/**
+ * @brief A functions parameter declaration.
+ * 
+ */
+typedef struct ParameterDeclaration_t {
+    Type *type;
+    IO_Qualifier qualifier;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} ParameterDeclaration;
+
+/**
+ * @brief A functions parameter.
+ * 
+ */
+typedef struct ParameterDefinition_t {
+    ParameterDeclaration declaration;
+    // value to initalize the declaration with
+    // NOTE: type of initializer and declaration MUST be equal
+    Expression *initializer;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} ParameterDefinition;
+
+typedef enum ParameterKind_t {
+    ParameterDeclarationKind,
+    ParameterDefinitionKind
+} ParameterKind;
+
+/**
+ * @brief A parameter can either be a declaration or a definition
+ * 
+ */
+typedef struct Parameter_t {
+    const char* name;
+    
+    ParameterKind kind;
+    union ParameterImplementation {
+        ParameterDeclaration declaration;
+        ParameterDefinition definiton;
+    } impl;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} Parameter;    // fix typo
+
+typedef enum FunctionKind_t {
+    FunctionDeclarationKind,
+    FunctionDefinitionKind
+} FunctionKind;
+
+typedef struct FunctionDefinition_t {
+    // hashtable of parameters
+    // associates a parameters name (const char*) with its parameter declaration (ParameterDeclaration)
+    GArray* parameter; // Parameter
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+    // body of function
+    Block *body;
+    // name of function
+    const char* name;
+} FunctionDefinition;
+
+typedef struct FunctionDeclaration_t {
+    // hashtable of parameters
+    // associates a parameters name (const char*) with its parameter declaration (ParameterDeclaration)
+    GArray* parameter; // Parameter
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+    const char* name;
+} FunctionDeclaration;
+
+typedef struct Function_t {
+    FunctionKind kind;
+    union FunctionImplementation {
+        FunctionDefinition definition;
+        FunctionDeclaration declaration;
+    } impl;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+    const char * name;
+} Function;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 Variables                      |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+typedef enum StorageQualifier_t {
+    Local,
+    Static,
+    Global
+} StorageQualifier;
+
+typedef struct VariableDeclaration_t {
+    StorageQualifier qualifier;
+    Type *type;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} VariableDeclaration;
+
+/**
+ * @brief Definition of a variable
+ * 
+ * @attention NOTE: The types of the initializer and the declaration must be equal
+ * 
+ */
+typedef struct VariableDefiniton_t {
+    VariableDeclaration declaration;
+    Expression *initializer;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} VariableDefiniton;
+
+typedef enum VariableKind_t {
+    VariableKindDeclaration,
+    VariableKindDefinition,
+    VariableKindBoxMember
+} VariableKind;
+
+typedef struct Variable_t {
+    VariableKind kind;
+    const char* name;
+    union VariableImplementation {
+        VariableDeclaration declaration;
+        VariableDefiniton definiton;
+        BoxAccess member;
+    } impl;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} Variable;
+
+typedef struct Dereference_t {
+    Expression* index;
+    Expression* variable;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+}Dereference;
+
+typedef struct StorageExpr_t StorageExpr;
+
+typedef struct StorageDereference_t {
+    Expression* index;
+    StorageExpr* array;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} StorageDereference;
+
+typedef struct AddressOf_t {
+    Expression* variable;
+    AST_NODE_PTR node_ptr;
+}AddressOf;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 Casts                          |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+/**
+ * @brief Perform a type cast, converting a value to different type whilest preserving as much of the original
+ *        values information. 
+ *
+ * @attention NOTE: Must check wether the given value's type can be parsed into
+ *       the target type without loss.
+ *       Lossy mean possibly loosing information such when casting a float into an int (no fraction anymore). 
+ *
+ */
+typedef struct TypeCast_t {
+    Type *targetType;
+    Expression* operand;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} TypeCast;
+
+/**
+ * @brief Perform a reinterpret cast.
+ *
+ * @attention NOTE: The given value's type must have the size in bytes as the target type.
+ *                  Transmuting a short int into a float should yield an error.
+ * 
+ */
+typedef struct Transmute_t {
+    Type *targetType;
+    Expression* operand;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} Transmute;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 Arithmetic                     |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+/**
+ * @brief Represents the arithmetic operator.
+ * 
+ */
+typedef enum ArithmeticOperator_t {
+    Add,
+    Sub,
+    Mul,
+    Div,
+    Negate
+} ArithmeticOperator;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 Relational                     |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+/**
+ * @brief Represents the relational operator.
+ * 
+ */
+typedef enum RelationalOperator_t {
+    Equal,
+    Greater,
+    Less
+} RelationalOperator;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 Boolean                        |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+typedef enum BooleanOperator_t {
+    BooleanAnd,
+    BooleanOr,
+    BooleanNot,
+    BooleanXor,
+} BooleanOperator;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 Logical                        |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+typedef enum LogicalOperator_t {
+    LogicalAnd,
+    LogicalOr,
+    LogicalNot,
+    LogicalXor,
+} LogicalOperator;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 Logical                        |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+typedef enum BitwiseOperator_t {
+    BitwiseAnd,
+    BitwiseOr,
+    BitwiseNot,
+    BitwiseXor,
+} BitwiseOperator;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 Operations                     |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+typedef enum OperationKind_t {
+    Arithmetic,
+    Relational,
+    Boolean,
+    Logical,
+    Bitwise
+} OperationKind;
+
+typedef struct Operation_t {
+    // mode of operation
+    OperationKind kind;
+    // specific implementation
+    union OperationImplementation {
+        ArithmeticOperator arithmetic;
+        RelationalOperator relational;
+        BooleanOperator boolean; 
+        LogicalOperator logical;
+        BitwiseOperator bitwise;
+    } impl;
+    GArray* operands; //Expression*
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} Operation;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 Expression                     |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+typedef enum ExpressionKind_t {
+    ExpressionKindOperation,
+    ExpressionKindTypeCast,
+    ExpressionKindTransmute,
+    ExpressionKindConstant,
+    ExpressionKindVariable,
+    ExpressionKindDereference,
+    ExpressionKindAddressOf,
+} ExpressionKind;
+
+typedef struct Expression_t {
+    ExpressionKind kind;
+    // type of resulting data
+    Type* result;
+    union ExpressionImplementation_t {
+        Operation operation;
+        TypeCast typecast;
+        Transmute transmute;
+        TypeValue constant;
+        Variable* variable;
+        Dereference dereference;
+        AddressOf addressOf;
+    } impl;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} Expression;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 Function call                  |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+typedef struct FunctionCall_t {
+    // function to call
+    Function* function;
+    // list of expression arguments
+    GArray* expressions;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} FunctionCall;
+
+typedef struct FunctionBoxCall_t {
+    // function to call
+    Function* function;
+    // list of expression arguments
+    GArray* expressions;
+    // box which has the function defined for it
+    // NOTE: must be of TypeKind: Box
+    Variable selfArgument;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} FunctionBoxCall;
+
+typedef struct Block_t {
+    // array of statements
+    GArray* statemnts; // array of type(Statement)
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} Block;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 While                          |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+typedef struct While_t {
+    Expression *conditon;
+    Block block;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} While;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 If/Else                        |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+typedef struct If_t {
+    Expression *conditon;
+    Block block;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} If;
+
+typedef struct ElseIf_t {
+    Expression *conditon;
+    Block block;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} ElseIf;
+
+typedef struct Else_t {
+    Block block;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} Else;
+
+typedef struct Branch_t {
+    If ifBranch;
+    // list of else-ifs (can be empty/NULL)
+    GArray* elseIfBranches;
+    Else elseBranch;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} Branch;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 Statements                     |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+typedef enum StorageExprKind_t {
+    StorageExprKindVariable,
+    StorageExprKindBoxAccess,
+    StorageExprKindDereference,
+} StorageExprKind;
+
+typedef struct StorageExpr_t {
+    StorageExprKind kind;
+    Type* target_type;
+    union StorageExprImpl {
+        Variable* variable;
+        BoxAccess boxAccess;
+        StorageDereference dereference;
+    } impl;
+} StorageExpr;
+
+typedef struct Assignment_t {
+    StorageExpr* destination;
+    Expression* value;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} Assignment;
+
+typedef enum StatementKind_t {
+    StatementKindFunctionCall,
+    StatementKindFunctionBoxCall,
+    StatementKindWhile,
+    StatementKindBranch,
+    StatementKindAssignment,
+    StatementKindDeclaration,
+    StatementKindDefinition
+} StatementKind;
+
+typedef struct Statement_t {
+    StatementKind kind;
+    union StatementImplementation {
+        FunctionCall call;
+        FunctionBoxCall boxCall;
+        While whileLoop;
+        Branch branch;
+        Assignment assignment;
+        Variable *variable;
+    } impl;
+    AST_NODE_PTR nodePtr;
+} Statement;
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                   Module                       |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+typedef struct Module_t {
+    GHashTable* boxes; //BoxType
+    GHashTable* types; //
+    GHashTable* functions;
+    GHashTable* variables;
+    // to be resolved after the module has been parsed completely
+    GArray* imports;
+} Module;
+
+
+// .------------------------------------------------.
+// |                 Cleanup Code                   |
+// '------------------------------------------------'
+
+void delete_box_access(BoxAccess* access);
+
+void delete_variable(Variable* variable);
+
+void delete_type(Type* type);
+
+void delete_box(BoxType* box);
+
+void delete_declaration(VariableDeclaration* decl);
+
+void delete_definition(VariableDefiniton* definition);
+
+void delete_expression(Expression* expr);
+
+void delete_operation(Operation* operation);
+
+void delete_type_value(TypeValue* value);
+
+void delete_transmute(Transmute* trans);
+
+void delete_typecast(TypeCast* cast);
+
+void delete_box_member(BoxMember* member);
+
+void delete_box_type(BoxType *box_type);
+
+void delete_composite([[maybe_unused]] CompositeType* composite);
+
+void delete_module(Module* module);
+
+#endif // SET_TYPES_H_

src/sys/col.c

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/col.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
+#include <cfg/opt.h>
 
 #ifdef __unix__
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -55,6 +56,10 @@ void enable_ansi_colors() {
 
 int stdout_supports_ansi_esc() {
 
+    if (is_option_set("color-always")) {
+        return ANSI_ENABLED;
+    }
+
 #ifdef __unix__
   // check if TTY
   if (isatty(STDOUT_FILENO)) {

src/yacc/parser.y

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
     extern int yylex();
     extern AST_NODE_PTR root;
 
-    #define new_loc() new_location(yylloc.first_line, yylloc.first_column, yylloc.last_line, yylloc.last_column)
+    #define new_loc() new_location(yylloc.first_line, yylloc.first_column, yylloc.last_line, yylloc.last_column, current_file)
 }
 
 %union {
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
 %type <node_ptr> moduleimport
 %type <node_ptr> programbody
 %type <node_ptr> fundef
+%type <node_ptr> fundecl
 %type <node_ptr> box
 %type <node_ptr> typedef
 %type <node_ptr> exprlist
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@
 %type <node_ptr> typecast
 %type <node_ptr> reinterpretcast
 %type <node_ptr> program
+%type <node_ptr> storage_expr
 
 
 %token KeyInt
@@ -135,11 +137,13 @@
 %left '(' ')' '[' ']'
 
 %%
-program: program programbody {AST_push_node(root, $2);}
+program: program programbody {AST_push_node(root, $2); 
+                              }
        | programbody {AST_push_node(root, $1);};
 
 programbody: moduleimport {$$ = $1;}
        | fundef{$$ = $1;}
+       | fundecl{$$ = $1;}
        | box{$$ = $1;}
        | definition{$$ = $1;}
        | decl{$$ = $1;}
@@ -190,6 +194,13 @@ fundef: KeyFun Ident paramlist '{' statementlist'}' {AST_NODE_PTR fun = AST_new_
                                                      $$ = fun;
                                                             DEBUG("Function");};
 
+fundecl: KeyFun Ident paramlist {AST_NODE_PTR fun = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Fun, NULL);
+                                 AST_NODE_PTR ident = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Ident, $2);
+                                 AST_push_node(fun, ident);
+                                 AST_push_node(fun, $3);
+                                 $$ = fun;
+                                        DEBUG("Function");};
+
 paramlist: paramlist '(' params ')' {AST_push_node($1, $3);
                                      $$ = $1;}
          |  paramlist '(' ')'{$$ = $1;}
@@ -376,7 +387,7 @@ decl: type ':' identlist {AST_NODE_PTR decl = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Decl,
                                            AST_push_node(decl, $1);
                                            AST_push_node(decl, $2);
                                            AST_push_node(decl, $4);
-                                           $$ = decl;}
+                                           $$ = decl;};
 
 
 definition: decl '=' expr { AST_NODE_PTR def = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Def, NULL);
@@ -389,15 +400,18 @@ storagequalifier: KeyGlobal {$$ = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Storage, "global")
         | KeyStatic {$$ = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Storage, "static");}
         | KeyLocal {$$ = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Storage, "local");};
 
-assign: Ident '=' expr { AST_NODE_PTR assign = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Assign, NULL);
+assign: storage_expr '=' expr { AST_NODE_PTR assign = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Assign, NULL);
-                         AST_NODE_PTR ident = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Ident, $1);
+                         AST_push_node(assign, $1);
-                         AST_push_node(assign, ident);
                          AST_push_node(assign, $3);
-                         $$ = assign;
+                         $$ = assign; };
-    DEBUG("Assignment"); }
 
-      | boxaccess '=' expr 
+storage_expr: Ident { $$ = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Ident, $1); }
-      | boxselfaccess '=' expr ;
+    | boxaccess  { $$ = $1; }
+    | boxselfaccess  { $$ = $1; }
+    | storage_expr '[' expr ']' { AST_NODE_PTR deref = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Dereference, NULL);
+                                                                    AST_push_node(deref, $1);
+                                                                    AST_push_node(deref, $3);
+                                                                    $$ = deref; };
 
 sign: KeySigned {$$ = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Sign, "signed");}
     | KeyUnsigned{$$ = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Sign, "unsigned");};
@@ -534,6 +548,6 @@ opbit: expr OpBitand expr {AST_NODE_PTR and = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_BitAnd
 
 int yyerror(const char *s) {
     TokenLocation location = new_loc();
-    print_diagnostic(current_file, &location, Error, s);
+    print_diagnostic(&location, Error, s);
     return 0;
 }

tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -10,5 +10,6 @@ add_subdirectory(logging)
 add_subdirectory(input_file)
 add_subdirectory(ast)
 add_subdirectory(glib)
+add_subdirectory(llvm)
 add_subdirectory(project)
 add_subdirectory(cache)

tests/ast/build_tree.c

@@ -7,22 +7,22 @@
 #include <mem/cache.h>
 
 void generate_statement(const AST_NODE_PTR stmt) {
-    const AST_NODE_PTR add = AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Add, NULL);
+    const AST_NODE_PTR add = AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Add, NULL);
 
-    AST_push_node(add, AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Int, "3"));
+    AST_push_node(add, AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Int, "3"));
-    AST_push_node(add, AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Int, "6"));
+    AST_push_node(add, AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Int, "6"));
 
     AST_push_node(stmt, add);
 }
 
 void generate_branch(const AST_NODE_PTR stmt) {
-    const AST_NODE_PTR branch = AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_If, NULL);
+    const AST_NODE_PTR branch = AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_If, NULL);
-    const AST_NODE_PTR gt = AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Greater, NULL);
+    const AST_NODE_PTR gt = AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Greater, NULL);
 
     AST_push_node(branch, gt);
 
-    AST_push_node(gt, AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Float, "2.3"));
+    AST_push_node(gt, AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Float, "2.3"));
-    AST_push_node(gt, AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Float, "0.79"));
+    AST_push_node(gt, AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Float, "0.79"));
 
     AST_push_node(stmt, branch);
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ void generate_branch(const AST_NODE_PTR stmt) {
 int main(void) {
     mem_init();
 
-    const AST_NODE_PTR root = AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Stmt, NULL);
+    const AST_NODE_PTR root = AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Stmt, NULL);
 
     generate_branch(root);
 

tests/ast/gen_graph.c

@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@
 int main(void) {
     mem_init();
 
-    struct AST_Node_t* node = AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_If, NULL);
+    struct AST_Node_t* node = AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_If, NULL);
 
-    struct AST_Node_t* child = AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Add, NULL);
+    struct AST_Node_t* child = AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Add, NULL);
-    AST_push_node(child, AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Int, "43"));
+    AST_push_node(child, AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Int, "43"));
-    AST_push_node(child, AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Int, "9"));
+    AST_push_node(child, AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Int, "9"));
 
     AST_push_node(node, child);
-    AST_push_node(node, AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Expr, NULL));
+    AST_push_node(node, AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Expr, NULL));
-    AST_push_node(node, AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Expr, NULL));
+    AST_push_node(node, AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Expr, NULL));
 
     FILE* out = fopen("ast.gv", "w+");
     // convert this file        ^^^^^^

tests/ast/print_graphviz.c

@@ -7,22 +7,22 @@
 #include <mem/cache.h>
 
 void generate_statement(const AST_NODE_PTR stmt) {
-    const AST_NODE_PTR add = AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Add, NULL);
+    const AST_NODE_PTR add = AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Add, NULL);
 
-    AST_push_node(add, AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Int, "3"));
+    AST_push_node(add, AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Int, "3"));
-    AST_push_node(add, AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Int, "6"));
+    AST_push_node(add, AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Int, "6"));
 
     AST_push_node(stmt, add);
 }
 
 void generate_branch(const AST_NODE_PTR stmt) {
-    const AST_NODE_PTR branch = AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_If, NULL);
+    const AST_NODE_PTR branch = AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_If, NULL);
-    const AST_NODE_PTR gt = AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Greater, NULL);
+    const AST_NODE_PTR gt = AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Greater, NULL);
 
     AST_push_node(branch, gt);
 
-    AST_push_node(gt, AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Float, "2.3"));
+    AST_push_node(gt, AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Float, "2.3"));
-    AST_push_node(gt, AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Float, "0.79"));
+    AST_push_node(gt, AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Float, "0.79"));
 
     AST_push_node(stmt, branch);
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ int main(void) {
     mem_init();
     AST_init();
 
-    const AST_NODE_PTR root = AST_new_node(empty_location(), AST_Stmt, NULL);
+    const AST_NODE_PTR root = AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), AST_Stmt, NULL);
 
     generate_branch(root);
 

tests/ast/print_node.c

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ int main(void) {
     mem_init();
     AST_init();
 
-    const AST_NODE_PTR node = AST_new_node(empty_location(), 0, "value");
+    const AST_NODE_PTR node = AST_new_node(empty_location(NULL), 0, "value");
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < AST_ELEMENT_COUNT; i++) {
         // set kind

tests/llvm/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+include(CTest)
+
+include_directories(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
+include_directories(PRIVATE ${GLIB_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+
+find_package(PkgConfig REQUIRED)
+pkg_search_module(GLIB REQUIRED IMPORTED_TARGET glib-2.0)
+link_libraries(PkgConfig::GLIB)
+
+include_directories(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/dep/tomlc99)
+
+# ------------------------------------------------ #
+#  LLVM backend                                    #
+# ------------------------------------------------ #
+
+# Fetch LLVM link configuration
+execute_process(COMMAND llvm-config --libs all
+                OUTPUT_VARIABLE LLVM_LIBS)
+# Strip whitespace from output
+string(STRIP "${LLVM_LIBS}" LLVM_LIBS)
+# Link all targets to LLVM
+link_libraries(${LLVM_LIBS})
+
+execute_process(COMMAND llvm-config --includedir
+                OUTPUT_VARIABLE LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR)
+string(STRIP "${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR}" LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR)
+include_directories(${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR})
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------- #
+# CTEST 1
+# test llvm backend codegen for global variables
+
+#file(GLOB_RECURSE SOURCE_FILES ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/llvm/*.c)
+#list(REMOVE_ITEM SOURCE_FILES ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/main.c)
+#add_executable(global_vars
+#        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/codegen/backend.c
+#        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/log.c
+#        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/col.c
+#        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/set/set.c
+#        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/ast/ast.c
+#        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/cfg/opt.c
+#        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/io/files.c
+#        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/mem/cache.c
+#        global_vars.c
+#        ${SOURCE_FILES})
+#set_target_properties(global_vars
+#        PROPERTIES
+#        OUTPUT_NAME "global_vars"
+#        RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/tests/llvm)
+#target_link_libraries(global_vars tomlc99)
+#add_test(NAME global_vars
+#        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/llvm
+#        COMMAND ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/tests/llvm/global_vars)

tests/llvm/global_vars.c

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+
+#include <alloca.h>
+#include <codegen/backend.h>
+#include <llvm/backend.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+#include <set/types.h>
+
+[[gnu::always_inline]]
+inline Variable* create_variable_decl(const char* name, StorageQualifier qualifier, Type* type) {
+    Variable* variable = alloca(sizeof(Variable));
+
+    variable->name = name;
+    variable->kind = VariableKindDeclaration;
+    variable->nodePtr = NULL;
+    variable->impl.declaration.nodePtr = NULL;
+    variable->impl.declaration.qualifier = qualifier;
+    variable->impl.declaration.type = type;
+
+    return variable;
+}
+
+Module* create_module() {
+    Module* module = malloc(sizeof(Module));
+
+    module->boxes = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    module->functions = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    module->imports = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(Type));
+    module->variables = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    module->types = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+
+    Type type_int;
+    type_int.kind = TypeKindPrimitive;
+    type_int.impl.primitive = Int;
+
+    g_hash_table_insert(module->variables, "a", create_variable_decl("a", Global, &type_int));
+
+    Type type_composite;
+    type_composite.kind = TypeKindComposite;
+    type_composite.impl.composite.primitive = Float;
+    type_composite.impl.composite.scale = 2.0;
+    type_composite.impl.composite.sign = Signed;
+
+    g_hash_table_insert(module->variables, "b", create_variable_decl("b", Global, &type_composite));
+
+    Type type_box;
+    type_box.kind = TypeKindBox;
+    type_box.impl.box->member = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+
+    BoxMember* member1 = alloca(sizeof(BoxMember));
+    member1->box = NULL;
+    member1->name = "foo";
+    member1->type = alloca(sizeof(Type));
+    *(member1->type) = type_int;
+
+    g_hash_table_insert(type_box.impl.box->member, "foo", member1);
+
+    Type type_half;
+    type_half.kind = TypeKindComposite;
+    type_half.impl.composite.primitive = Float;
+    type_half.impl.composite.scale = 0.5;
+    type_half.impl.composite.sign = Signed;
+
+    BoxMember* member2 = alloca(sizeof(BoxMember));
+    member2->box = NULL;
+    member2->name = "bar";
+    member2->type = alloca(sizeof(Type));
+    *(member2->type) = type_half;
+
+    g_hash_table_insert(type_box.impl.box->member, "bar", member2);
+
+    g_hash_table_insert(module->variables, "c", create_variable_decl("c", Global, &type_box));
+
+    Type type_reference;
+    type_reference.kind = TypeKindReference;
+    type_reference.impl.reference = &type_box;
+
+    g_hash_table_insert(module->variables, "d", create_variable_decl("d", Global, &type_reference));
+
+    return module;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+    parse_options(argc, argv);
+    log_init();
+
+    // no need to clean up ;-)
+    Module* module = create_module();
+
+    llvm_backend_init();
+
+    BackendError err;
+    err = init_backend();
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        PANIC("%ld: at [%p] %s", err.kind, err.impl.ast_node, err.impl.message);
+    }
+
+    TargetConfig* config = default_target_config();
+
+    err = generate_code(module, config);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        PANIC("%ld: at [%p] %s", err.kind, err.impl.ast_node, err.impl.message);
+    }
+
+    delete_target_config(config);
+
+    err = deinit_backend();
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        PANIC("%ld: at [%p] %s", err.kind, err.impl.ast_node, err.impl.message);
+    }
+}

tests/project/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ include(CTest)
 # CTEST 1
 # test if the program successfully reads the project config
 
-add_test(NAME project_build
+#add_test(NAME project_build
-        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/project
+#        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/project
-        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/project/test_project.py)
+#        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/project/test_project.py)

tests/project/build.toml

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ description = "This is a test project"
 
 [target.debug]
 root = "src/main.txt"
-output = "bin"
+output = "bin/debug"
-archive = "archive"
+archive = "archive/debug"
 opt = 1
 print_ast = true
 print_asm = true