From 4f5cf6408e81f3405f081730b80cd623251daa34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 15:58:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 01/31] added blueprint for AST library

---
 src/ast/ast.c | 59 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ast/ast.h | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 94 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/ast/ast.c
 create mode 100644 src/ast/ast.h

diff --git a/src/ast/ast.c b/src/ast/ast.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a1a8fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ast/ast.c
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+
+#include <ast/ast.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+
+struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(void) {
+  struct AST_Node_t *node = malloc(sizeof(struct AST_Node_t));
+
+  if (node == NULL) {
+    PANIC("failed to allocate AST node");
+  }
+
+  // init to discrete state
+  node->parent = NULL;
+  node->children = NULL;
+  node->child_count = 0;
+
+  return node;
+}
+
+void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child) {
+  // if there are no children for now
+  if (owner->child_count == 0) {
+    owner->children = malloc(sizeof(struct AST_Node_t *));
+
+  } else {
+    size_t size = sizeof(struct AST_Node_t *) * (owner->child_count + 1);
+    owner->children = realloc(owner->children, size);
+  }
+
+  if (owner->children == NULL) {
+    PANIC("failed to allocate children array of AST node");
+  }
+
+  owner->children[owner->child_count++] = child;
+}
+
+struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx) {
+  if (owner == NULL) {
+    PANIC("AST owner node is NULL");
+  }
+
+  if (owner->children == NULL) {
+    PANIC("AST owner node has no children");
+  }
+
+  struct AST_Node_t *child = owner->children[idx];
+
+  if (child == NULL) {
+    PANIC("child node is NULL");
+  }
+
+  return child;
+}
+
+void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *_) {
+#warning "FIXME: not implemented"
+}
diff --git a/src/ast/ast.h b/src/ast/ast.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a222832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ast/ast.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+
+#ifndef _AST_H_
+#define _AST_H_
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+struct AST_Node_t {
+  // parent node that owns this node
+  struct AST_Node_t *parent;
+
+  // number of child nodes ownd by this node
+  // length of children array
+  size_t child_count;
+  // variable amount of child nodes
+  struct AST_Node_t **children;
+};
+
+// create a new initialized (empty) node
+struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(void);
+
+void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *);
+
+// add a new child node
+void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child);
+
+// get a specific child node
+struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx);
+
+// visit this and all of its child nodes calling the given function
+// for every node
+void AST_visit_nodes_recurse(struct AST_Node_t *root,
+                             void (*for_each)(struct AST_Node_t *node,
+                                              size_t depth));
+
+#endif

From e918139f88317a72d9320137f633ff967f7ea3ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Fri, 26 Apr 2024 15:37:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 02/31] added recurse

---
 src/ast/ast.c | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/ast/ast.c b/src/ast/ast.c
index 3a1a8fc..db600ee 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.c
+++ b/src/ast/ast.c
@@ -57,3 +57,20 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx) {
 void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *_) {
 #warning "FIXME: not implemented"
 }
+
+static void __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(struct AST_Node_t *root,
+                                       void (*for_each)(struct AST_Node_t *node,
+                                                        size_t depth),
+                                       size_t depth) {
+  (for_each)(root, 0);
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < root->child_count; i++) {
+    __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(root->children[i], for_each, depth + 1);
+  }
+}
+
+void AST_visit_nodes_recurse(struct AST_Node_t *root,
+                             void (*for_each)(struct AST_Node_t *node,
+                                              size_t depth)) {
+  __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(root, for_each, 0);
+}

From 914935aafb2a8732bb51f1fac6f47841b7643c89 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Tue, 30 Apr 2024 14:01:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 03/31] added function to convert AST to graphviz diagram

---
 src/ast/ast.c | 71 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/ast/ast.h | 23 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/main.c    | 24 ++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 113 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/ast/ast.c b/src/ast/ast.c
index db600ee..2397f34 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.c
+++ b/src/ast/ast.c
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 
 #include <ast/ast.h>
+#include <bits/posix2_lim.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
 
-struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(void) {
+struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value) {
   struct AST_Node_t *node = malloc(sizeof(struct AST_Node_t));
 
   if (node == NULL) {
@@ -15,10 +16,36 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(void) {
   node->parent = NULL;
   node->children = NULL;
   node->child_count = 0;
+  node->kind = kind;
+  node->value = value;
 
   return node;
 }
 
+const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node) {
+  const char* string = "unknown";
+
+  switch (node->kind) {
+    case AST_Expression:
+      string = "expression";
+      break;
+    case AST_Statement:
+      string = "statement";
+      break;
+    case AST_Branch:
+      string = "if";
+      break;
+    case AST_IntegerLiteral:
+      string = node->value;
+      break;
+    case AST_OperatorAdd:
+      string = "+";
+      break;
+  }
+
+  return string;
+}
+
 void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child) {
   // if there are no children for now
   if (owner->child_count == 0) {
@@ -54,8 +81,16 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx) {
   return child;
 }
 
-void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *_) {
-#warning "FIXME: not implemented"
+void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *node) {
+  if (node == NULL) {
+    PANIC("Node to free is NULL");
+  }
+
+  if (node->children != NULL) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
+      AST_delete_node(node->children[i]);
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 static void __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(struct AST_Node_t *root,
@@ -74,3 +109,33 @@ void AST_visit_nodes_recurse(struct AST_Node_t *root,
                                               size_t depth)) {
   __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(root, for_each, 0);
 }
+
+void AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_t* node) {
+
+  fprintf(stream, "\tnode%p [label=\"%s\"]\n", (void*) node, AST_node_to_string(node));
+
+  if (node->children != NULL) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
+      AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(stream, node->children[i]);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_t* node) {
+
+  if (node->children != NULL) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
+      fprintf(stream, "\tnode%p -- node%p\n", (void*) node, (void*) node->children[i]);
+      AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(stream, node->children[i]);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void AST_fprint_graphviz(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_t* root) {
+  fprintf(stream, "graph {\n");
+
+  AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(stream, root);
+  AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(stream, root);
+
+  fprintf(stream, "}\n");
+}
diff --git a/src/ast/ast.h b/src/ast/ast.h
index a222832..e07ff19 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.h
+++ b/src/ast/ast.h
@@ -4,10 +4,24 @@
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 
+// Syntax elements which are stored in a syntax tree
+enum AST_SyntaxElement_t {
+  AST_Statement,
+  AST_Expression,
+  AST_Branch,
+  AST_OperatorAdd,
+  AST_IntegerLiteral
+};
+
 struct AST_Node_t {
   // parent node that owns this node
   struct AST_Node_t *parent;
 
+  // type of AST node: if, declration, ...
+  enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind;
+  // optional value: integer literal, string literal, ...
+  const char* value;
+
   // number of child nodes ownd by this node
   // length of children array
   size_t child_count;
@@ -15,8 +29,12 @@ struct AST_Node_t {
   struct AST_Node_t **children;
 };
 
+// return a string representation of the nodes type and its value
+// does not take into account its children or parent
+const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node);
+
 // create a new initialized (empty) node
-struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(void);
+struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value);
 
 void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *);
 
@@ -32,4 +50,7 @@ void AST_visit_nodes_recurse(struct AST_Node_t *root,
                              void (*for_each)(struct AST_Node_t *node,
                                               size_t depth));
 
+// print a graphviz diagram of the supplied node (as root node) into stream
+void AST_fprint_graphviz(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_t* node);
+
 #endif
diff --git a/src/main.c b/src/main.c
index 8bb8127..b94149a 100644
--- a/src/main.c
+++ b/src/main.c
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#include <ast/ast.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
 #include <yacc/parser.tab.h>
@@ -36,6 +38,26 @@ void setup(void)
 int main(void) {
     setup();
 
-    yyparse();
+    struct AST_Node_t* node = AST_new_node(AST_Branch, NULL);
+
+    struct AST_Node_t* child = AST_new_node(AST_OperatorAdd, NULL);
+    AST_push_node(child, AST_new_node(AST_IntegerLiteral, "43"));
+    AST_push_node(child, AST_new_node(AST_IntegerLiteral, "9"));
+
+    AST_push_node(node, child);
+    AST_push_node(node, AST_new_node(AST_Expression, NULL));
+    AST_push_node(node, AST_new_node(AST_Expression, NULL));
+
+    FILE* out = fopen("ast.gv", "w+");
+    // convert this file        ^^^^^^
+    // to an svg with: `dot -Tsvg ast.gv > graph.svg`
+
+    AST_fprint_graphviz(out, node);
+
+    AST_delete_node(node);
+
+    fflush(out);
+    fclose(out);
+
     return 0;
 }

From b386c1104388961fb168a38736a02f66c65adbfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Thu, 2 May 2024 08:26:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 04/31] added first test

---
 .gitignore                    |  3 ++-
 CMakeLists.txt                | 15 ++++++++++++---
 tests/CMakeLists.txt          |  9 +++++++++
 tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt  |  9 +++++++++
 tests/logging/check_output.py | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/logging/main.c          | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/CMakeLists.txt
 create mode 100644 tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
 create mode 100644 tests/logging/check_output.py
 create mode 100644 tests/logging/main.c

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index eee6202..bb676ce 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -13,4 +13,5 @@ Makefile
 lexer.ll.c
 parser.tab.c
 parser.tab.h
-build
\ No newline at end of file
+build
+/Testing/
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 1cfeefc..079fc47 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -21,6 +21,15 @@ project(gemstone
     DESCRIPTION "programming language compiler"
     LANGUAGES C)
 
+set(GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tests)
+set(GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/bin)
+
+include(CTest)
+
+if(BUILD_TESTING)
+    add_subdirectory(tests)
+endif()
+
 set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)
 
 # ------------------------------------------------ #
@@ -79,7 +88,7 @@ add_executable(release
 set_target_properties(release
         PROPERTIES
         OUTPUT_NAME "gsc"
-        RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "bin/release")
+        RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/release)
 
 # FIXME: cannot compile with /O2 because of /RTC1 flag
 if (MSVC)
@@ -111,7 +120,7 @@ add_executable(debug
 set_target_properties(debug
         PROPERTIES
         OUTPUT_NAME "gsc"
-        RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "bin/debug")
+        RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/debug)
 
 if (MSVC)
     set(DEBUG_FLAGS /DEBUG)
@@ -140,7 +149,7 @@ add_executable(check
 set_target_properties(check
         PROPERTIES
         OUTPUT_NAME "gsc"
-        RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "bin/check")
+        RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/check)
 
 if (MSVC)
     set(CHECK_FLAGS /DEBUG /WX)
diff --git a/tests/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2602430
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+include(CTest)
+
+set(PROJECT_BINARY_DIR bin)
+set(EXECUTABLE_OUTPUT_PATH ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/tests)
+set(CTEST_BINARY_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/tests)
+
+# Provide test to run here or include another CMakeLists.txt
+
+add_subdirectory(logging)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebc9962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+include(CTest)
+
+add_executable(logging ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/log.c main.c)
+target_include_directories(logging PUBLIC ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
+set_target_properties(logging
+        PROPERTIES
+        OUTPUT_NAME "output"
+        RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/tests/logging)
+add_test(NAME logging WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR} COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/logging/check_output.py)
diff --git a/tests/logging/check_output.py b/tests/logging/check_output.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b908cda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/logging/check_output.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import subprocess
+
+
+def run_logger_test():
+    p = subprocess.run("bin/tests/logging/output", capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    # check exit code
+    if p.returncode != 0:
+        exit(p.returncode)
+
+    output = p.stderr
+
+    # check if logs appear in default log output (stderr)
+
+    assert "logging some debug..." in output
+    assert "logging some info..." in output
+    assert "logging some warning..." in output
+    assert "logging some error..." in output
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    run_logger_test()
diff --git a/tests/logging/main.c b/tests/logging/main.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7accfc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/logging/main.c
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 5/1/24.
+//
+
+#include "sys/log.h"
+
+int main(void) {
+    log_init();
+
+    DEBUG("logging some debug...");
+    INFO("logging some info...");
+    WARN("logging some warning...");
+    ERROR("logging some error...");
+
+    return 0;
+}

From 4b24e0645cd9da75c3e42b2b6d5a167fba1cbb84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Thu, 2 May 2024 09:49:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 05/31] added test for logger panic

---
 tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt       | 24 +++++++++--
 tests/logging/check_output.py      | 22 ----------
 tests/logging/{main.c => output.c} |  0
 tests/logging/panic.c              | 20 ++++++++++
 tests/logging/test_logging.py      | 64 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/logging/check_output.py
 rename tests/logging/{main.c => output.c} (100%)
 create mode 100644 tests/logging/panic.c
 create mode 100644 tests/logging/test_logging.py

diff --git a/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
index ebc9962..9c90431 100644
--- a/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,9 +1,25 @@
 include(CTest)
 
-add_executable(logging ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/log.c main.c)
-target_include_directories(logging PUBLIC ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
-set_target_properties(logging
+# ------------------------------------------------------- #
+# CTEST 1
+# test the default output of the logger
+
+add_executable(logging_output ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/log.c output.c)
+target_include_directories(logging_output PUBLIC ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
+set_target_properties(logging_output
         PROPERTIES
         OUTPUT_NAME "output"
         RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/tests/logging)
-add_test(NAME logging WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR} COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/logging/check_output.py)
+add_test(NAME logging_output WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR} COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/logging/test_logging.py check_output)
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------- #
+# CTEST 1
+# test the panic functionality of the logger
+
+add_executable(logging_panic ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/log.c panic.c)
+target_include_directories(logging_panic PUBLIC ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
+set_target_properties(logging_panic
+        PROPERTIES
+        OUTPUT_NAME "panic"
+        RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/tests/logging)
+add_test(NAME logging_panic WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR} COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/logging/test_logging.py check_panic)
diff --git a/tests/logging/check_output.py b/tests/logging/check_output.py
deleted file mode 100644
index b908cda..0000000
--- a/tests/logging/check_output.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-import subprocess
-
-
-def run_logger_test():
-    p = subprocess.run("bin/tests/logging/output", capture_output=True, text=True)
-
-    # check exit code
-    if p.returncode != 0:
-        exit(p.returncode)
-
-    output = p.stderr
-
-    # check if logs appear in default log output (stderr)
-
-    assert "logging some debug..." in output
-    assert "logging some info..." in output
-    assert "logging some warning..." in output
-    assert "logging some error..." in output
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    run_logger_test()
diff --git a/tests/logging/main.c b/tests/logging/output.c
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/logging/main.c
rename to tests/logging/output.c
diff --git a/tests/logging/panic.c b/tests/logging/panic.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecd8815
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/logging/panic.c
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 5/2/24.
+//
+
+#include "sys/log.h"
+
+int main(void) {
+    log_init();
+
+    // this should appear in stderr
+    INFO("before exit");
+
+    PANIC("oooops something happened");
+
+    // this should NOT appear in stderr
+    //             ^^^
+    ERROR("after exit");
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/tests/logging/test_logging.py b/tests/logging/test_logging.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da88b19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/logging/test_logging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import logging
+from logging import info, error
+
+BIN_DIR = "bin/tests/logging/"
+
+
+def run_logger_test():
+    info("started check output...")
+
+    p = subprocess.run(BIN_DIR + "output", capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    info("checking exit code...")
+
+    # check exit code
+    assert p.returncode == 0
+
+    output = p.stderr
+
+    # check if logs appear in default log output (stderr)
+    info("checking stderr...")
+
+    assert "logging some debug..." in output
+    assert "logging some info..." in output
+    assert "logging some warning..." in output
+    assert "logging some error..." in output
+
+
+def run_check_panic():
+    info("started check panic...")
+
+    p = subprocess.run(BIN_DIR + "panic", capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    info("checking exit code...")
+
+    # check exit code
+    assert p.returncode == 1
+
+    output = p.stderr
+
+    # check if logs appear (not) in default log output (stderr)
+    info("checking stderr...")
+
+    assert "before exit" in output
+    assert "oooops something happened" in output
+    assert "after exit" not in output
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+
+    target = sys.argv[1]
+
+    info(f"starting logging test suite with target: {target}")
+
+    match target:
+        case "check_output":
+            run_logger_test()
+        case "check_panic":
+            run_check_panic()
+        case _:
+            error(f"unknown target: {target}")
+            exit(1)

From 7bfe49c8eda7c12b49a63132f77748bbc3651536 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Thu, 2 May 2024 09:49:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 06/31] renamed python test function for logger output

---
 tests/logging/test_logging.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/logging/test_logging.py b/tests/logging/test_logging.py
index da88b19..54f5d75 100644
--- a/tests/logging/test_logging.py
+++ b/tests/logging/test_logging.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from logging import info, error
 BIN_DIR = "bin/tests/logging/"
 
 
-def run_logger_test():
+def run_check_output():
     info("started check output...")
 
     p = subprocess.run(BIN_DIR + "output", capture_output=True, text=True)

From dc240acb9dc84cee1f290ae3af3597f2c6c5c919 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Thu, 2 May 2024 09:59:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 07/31] added section about writing tests to README

---
 README.md | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a1e442b..faca249 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -21,6 +21,28 @@ Requires:
 - bison
 - flex
 
+## Writing Tests
+
+Since the project is build and configured through CMake it makes sense to rely for tests
+on CTest. All tests are located in the subfolder `tests`. In this directory is a CMakeLists.txt which specifies which tests
+are to be run. Actual tests are located in folders within tests and contain a final CMakeLists.txt which specifies what to run 
+for a single test.
+
+```
+tests
+  └─ test_group1
+      └─ CMakeLists.txt  # specify tests in this group
+      └─ ...             # test files of group 1
+      
+  └─ test_group2
+      └─ CMakeLists.txt  # specify tests in this group
+      └─ ...             # test files of group 2
+      
+  └─ CMakeLists.txt      # specify test groups to run
+  
+CMakeLists.txt           # build configuration
+```
+
 ## Development with VSCode/Codium
 
 Recommended extensions for getting a decent experience are the following:

From 138937af57af8ca4d26e002d2881ed29e73e3e96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Thu, 2 May 2024 10:04:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 08/31] fixed output test and reformatted CMake

---
 tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt  | 20 ++++++++++++++------
 tests/logging/test_logging.py |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
index 9c90431..0db2412 100644
--- a/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,25 +1,33 @@
 include(CTest)
 
+include_directories(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
+
 # ------------------------------------------------------- #
 # CTEST 1
 # test the default output of the logger
 
-add_executable(logging_output ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/log.c output.c)
-target_include_directories(logging_output PUBLIC ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
+add_executable(logging_output
+        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/log.c
+        output.c)
 set_target_properties(logging_output
         PROPERTIES
         OUTPUT_NAME "output"
         RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/tests/logging)
-add_test(NAME logging_output WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR} COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/logging/test_logging.py check_output)
+add_test(NAME logging_output
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}
+        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/logging/test_logging.py check_output)
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------- #
 # CTEST 1
 # test the panic functionality of the logger
 
-add_executable(logging_panic ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/log.c panic.c)
-target_include_directories(logging_panic PUBLIC ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
+add_executable(logging_panic
+        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/log.c
+        panic.c)
 set_target_properties(logging_panic
         PROPERTIES
         OUTPUT_NAME "panic"
         RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/tests/logging)
-add_test(NAME logging_panic WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR} COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/logging/test_logging.py check_panic)
+add_test(NAME logging_panic
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}
+        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/logging/test_logging.py check_panic)
diff --git a/tests/logging/test_logging.py b/tests/logging/test_logging.py
index 54f5d75..86816fd 100644
--- a/tests/logging/test_logging.py
+++ b/tests/logging/test_logging.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
 
     match target:
         case "check_output":
-            run_logger_test()
+            run_check_output()
         case "check_panic":
             run_check_panic()
         case _:

From ebf526d6dac1b37171cda151cd2d8ac7e75d2dba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Thu, 2 May 2024 10:32:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 09/31] added test for multiple output logger streams

---
 tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt  | 17 +++++++++++++++-
 tests/logging/streams.c       | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/logging/test_logging.py | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/logging/streams.c

diff --git a/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
index 0db2412..dee6ddf 100644
--- a/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ add_test(NAME logging_output
         COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/logging/test_logging.py check_output)
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------- #
-# CTEST 1
+# CTEST 2
 # test the panic functionality of the logger
 
 add_executable(logging_panic
@@ -31,3 +31,18 @@ set_target_properties(logging_panic
 add_test(NAME logging_panic
         WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}
         COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/logging/test_logging.py check_panic)
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------- #
+# CTEST 3
+# test the ability to write to multiple output streams
+
+add_executable(logging_streams
+        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/log.c
+        streams.c)
+set_target_properties(logging_streams
+        PROPERTIES
+        OUTPUT_NAME "stream"
+        RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/tests/logging)
+add_test(NAME logging_streams
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}
+        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/logging/test_logging.py check_stream)
diff --git a/tests/logging/streams.c b/tests/logging/streams.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97599da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/logging/streams.c
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 5/2/24.
+//
+
+#include "sys/log.h"
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+static FILE* file;
+
+void close_file(void) {
+    if (file != NULL) {
+        fclose(file);
+    }
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+    log_init();
+
+    // this should appear in stderr
+    INFO("should only be in stderr");
+
+    file = fopen("tmp/test.log", "w");
+    if (file == NULL) {
+        PANIC("could not open file");
+    }
+    atexit(close_file);
+
+    log_register_stream(file);
+
+    INFO("should be in both");
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/tests/logging/test_logging.py b/tests/logging/test_logging.py
index 86816fd..0d32d48 100644
--- a/tests/logging/test_logging.py
+++ b/tests/logging/test_logging.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import subprocess
 import sys
 import logging
 from logging import info, error
+import os
 
 BIN_DIR = "bin/tests/logging/"
 
@@ -47,6 +48,40 @@ def run_check_panic():
     assert "after exit" not in output
 
 
+def run_check_stream():
+    info("started check panic...")
+
+    info("creating temporary folder...")
+
+    if not os.path.exists("tmp"):
+        os.mkdir("tmp")
+
+    info("cleaning temporary folder...")
+
+    if os.path.exists("tmp/test.log"):
+        os.remove("tmp/test.log")
+
+    info("launching test binary...")
+
+    p = subprocess.run(BIN_DIR + "stream", capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    info("checking exit code...")
+
+    # check exit code
+    assert p.returncode == 0
+
+    with open("tmp/test.log", "r") as file:
+        assert "should be in both" in "".join(file.readlines())
+
+    output = p.stderr
+
+    # check if logs appear (not) in default log output (stderr)
+    info("checking stderr...")
+
+    assert "should only be in stderr" in output
+    assert "should be in both" in output
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
 
@@ -59,6 +94,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
             run_check_output()
         case "check_panic":
             run_check_panic()
+        case "check_stream":
+            run_check_stream()
         case _:
             error(f"unknown target: {target}")
             exit(1)

From c099a60ecf649cd76da74a50b5d83297f9918fde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Thu, 2 May 2024 10:50:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 10/31] added test for compile time log level filter

---
 tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt  | 15 +++++++++++++++
 tests/logging/level.c         | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 tests/logging/test_logging.py | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 56 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/logging/level.c

diff --git a/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
index dee6ddf..0f14079 100644
--- a/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/logging/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -46,3 +46,18 @@ set_target_properties(logging_streams
 add_test(NAME logging_streams
         WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}
         COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/logging/test_logging.py check_stream)
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------- #
+# CTEST 4
+# test compile time log level switch
+
+add_executable(logging_level
+        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/log.c
+        level.c)
+set_target_properties(logging_level
+        PROPERTIES
+        OUTPUT_NAME "level"
+        RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/tests/logging)
+add_test(NAME logging_level
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}
+        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/logging/test_logging.py check_level)
diff --git a/tests/logging/level.c b/tests/logging/level.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a4f055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/logging/level.c
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 5/2/24.
+//
+
+#include "sys/log.h"
+
+#define LOG_LEVEL LOG_LEVEL_WARNING
+
+int main(void) {
+    log_init();
+
+    DEBUG("logging some debug...");
+    INFO("logging some info...");
+    WARN("logging some warning...");
+    ERROR("logging some error...");
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/tests/logging/test_logging.py b/tests/logging/test_logging.py
index 0d32d48..246a9d5 100644
--- a/tests/logging/test_logging.py
+++ b/tests/logging/test_logging.py
@@ -28,6 +28,27 @@ def run_check_output():
     assert "logging some error..." in output
 
 
+def run_check_level():
+    info("started check level...")
+
+    p = subprocess.run(BIN_DIR + "level", capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    info("checking exit code...")
+
+    # check exit code
+    assert p.returncode == 0
+
+    output = p.stderr
+
+    # check if logs appear in default log output (stderr)
+    info("checking stderr...")
+
+    assert "logging some debug..." not in output
+    assert "logging some info..." not in output
+    assert "logging some warning..." in output
+    assert "logging some error..." in output
+
+
 def run_check_panic():
     info("started check panic...")
 
@@ -96,6 +117,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
             run_check_panic()
         case "check_stream":
             run_check_stream()
+        case "check_level":
+            run_check_level()
         case _:
             error(f"unknown target: {target}")
             exit(1)

From 01cf8345a0ace0624fece387388971922653259a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Thu, 2 May 2024 12:14:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 11/31] reverted change of #aa7c62f0 in devkit added script to
 run checks and tests in container

---
 .github/workflows/build-check-sdk.yaml |  4 +--
 Dockerfile                             |  9 ++++--
 run-check-test.sh                      | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 sdk/Dockerfile                         |  4 +--
 4 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 run-check-test.sh

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build-check-sdk.yaml b/.github/workflows/build-check-sdk.yaml
index 5b8f2aa..10a4811 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build-check-sdk.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-check-sdk.yaml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: "Build check gemstone in SDK"
 run-name: SDK build check to ${{ inputs.deploy_target }} by @${{ github.actor }}
 on: [push, pull_request]
 env:
-  SDK: 0.2.1-alpine-3.19.1
+  SDK: 0.2.2-alpine-3.19.1
 jobs:
   build-check-sdk:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ jobs:
     - name: Setup SDK
       run: docker pull servostar/gemstone:sdk-"$SDK" && docker build --tag gemstone:devkit-"$SDK" .
     - name: Compile
-      run: docker run gemstone:devkit-"$SDK" make check
+      run: docker run gemstone:devkit-"$SDK" sh run-check-test.sh
diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile
index ce2db20..09e34b6 100644
--- a/Dockerfile
+++ b/Dockerfile
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
-FROM servostar/gemstone:sdk-0.2.1-alpine-3.19.1
+FROM servostar/gemstone:sdk-0.2.2-alpine-3.19.1
 LABEL authors="servostar"
-LABEL version="0.2.1"
+LABEL version="0.2.2"
 LABEL description="docker image for setting up the build pipeline on SDK"
 LABEL website="https://github.com/Servostar/gemstone"
 
-RUN git clone https://github.com/Servostar/gemstone.git /home/lorang
+COPY --chown=lorang src /home/lorang/src
+COPY --chown=lorang tests /home/lorang/tests
+COPY --chown=lorang CMakeLists.txt /home/lorang/
+COPY --chown=lorang run-check-test.sh /home/lorang/
 
 RUN cmake .
diff --git a/run-check-test.sh b/run-check-test.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2a3ab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/run-check-test.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+
+# Author: Sven Vogel
+# Created: 02.05.2024
+# Description: Builds the project and runs tests
+#              Returns 0 on success and 1 when something went wrong
+
+echo "+--------------------------------------+"
+echo "| BUILDING all TARGETS                 |"
+echo "+--------------------------------------+"
+
+make -B
+if [ ! $? -eq 0 ]; then
+  echo "===> failed to build targets"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "+--------------------------------------+"
+echo "| RUNNING CODE CHECK                   |"
+echo "+--------------------------------------+"
+
+make check
+if [ ! $? -eq 0 ]; then
+  echo "===> failed code check..."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "+--------------------------------------+"
+echo "| RUNNING TESTS                        |"
+echo "+--------------------------------------+"
+
+ctest -VV --output-on-failure --schedule-random -j 4
+if [ ! $? -eq 0 ]; then
+  echo "===> failed tests..."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "+--------------------------------------+"
+echo "| COMPLETED CHECK + TESTS SUCCESSFULLY |"
+echo "+--------------------------------------+"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sdk/Dockerfile b/sdk/Dockerfile
index 4dbeb1f..1a6a677 100644
--- a/sdk/Dockerfile
+++ b/sdk/Dockerfile
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 FROM alpine:3.19.1
 LABEL authors="servostar"
-LABEL version="0.2.1"
+LABEL version="0.2.2"
 LABEL description="base image for building the gemstone programming language compiler"
 LABEL website="https://github.com/Servostar/gemstone"
 
 # install dependencies
-RUN apk add build-base gcc make cmake bison flex git
+RUN apk add build-base gcc make cmake bison flex git python3
 
 # create user for build
 RUN adduser --disabled-password lorang

From f7a3faad2ea8e25f7bac95cebb34bc9ef1efb39c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Sat, 4 May 2024 15:33:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 12/31] added test for accepting a file as input

---
 tests/CMakeLists.txt                |  3 ++-
 tests/input_file/CMakeLists.txt     |  9 ++++++++
 tests/input_file/test.gem           |  6 +++++
 tests/input_file/test_input_file.py | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/input_file/CMakeLists.txt
 create mode 100644 tests/input_file/test.gem
 create mode 100644 tests/input_file/test_input_file.py

diff --git a/tests/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
index 2602430..ab8afdc 100644
--- a/tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -6,4 +6,5 @@ set(CTEST_BINARY_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/tests)
 
 # Provide test to run here or include another CMakeLists.txt
 
-add_subdirectory(logging)
\ No newline at end of file
+add_subdirectory(logging)
+add_subdirectory(input_file)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/input_file/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/input_file/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..263e769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/input_file/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+include(CTest)
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------- #
+# CTEST 1
+# test if the program accepts a file as input
+
+add_test(NAME input_file_check
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/bin/check
+        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/input_file/test_input_file.py ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/input_file/test.gem)
diff --git a/tests/input_file/test.gem b/tests/input_file/test.gem
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..991288d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/input_file/test.gem
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+import "std.io"
+
+fun main {
+    print("Hello, World!!!")
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/input_file/test_input_file.py b/tests/input_file/test_input_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3721dc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/input_file/test_input_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import os.path
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import logging
+from logging import info
+
+
+def check_accept():
+    info("testing handling of input file...")
+
+    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+
+    test_file_name = sys.argv[1]
+
+    p = subprocess.run(["./gsc", test_file_name], capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    assert p.returncode == 0
+
+
+def check_abort():
+    info("testing handling of missing input file...")
+
+    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+
+    p = subprocess.run("./gsc", capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    assert p.returncode == 1
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+    info("check if binary exists...")
+    assert os.path.exists("./gsc")
+
+    check_accept()
+    check_abort()

From c6d8651ab6129e44b26ffe7fc54c4dc28d8bfb3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Sun, 5 May 2024 16:31:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 13/31] added debug statements

---
 src/ast/ast.c | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/main.c    |  1 -
 2 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/ast/ast.c b/src/ast/ast.c
index 2397f34..3873e1c 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.c
+++ b/src/ast/ast.c
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 
 #include <ast/ast.h>
-#include <bits/posix2_lim.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
 
 struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value) {
+  DEBUG("creating new AST node: %d \"%s\"", kind, value);
+
   struct AST_Node_t *node = malloc(sizeof(struct AST_Node_t));
 
   if (node == NULL) {
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value
 }
 
 const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node) {
+  DEBUG("converting AST node to string: %p", node);
+
   const char* string = "unknown";
 
   switch (node->kind) {
@@ -47,12 +50,16 @@ const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node) {
 }
 
 void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child) {
+  DEBUG("Adding new node %p to %p", child, owner);
+
   // if there are no children for now
   if (owner->child_count == 0) {
+    DEBUG("Allocating new children array");
     owner->children = malloc(sizeof(struct AST_Node_t *));
 
   } else {
-    size_t size = sizeof(struct AST_Node_t *) * (owner->child_count + 1);
+    DEBUG("Rellocating old children array");
+    const size_t size = sizeof(struct AST_Node_t *) * (owner->child_count + 1);
     owner->children = realloc(owner->children, size);
   }
 
@@ -64,6 +71,8 @@ void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child) {
 }
 
 struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx) {
+  DEBUG("retrvieng node %d from %p", idx, owner);
+
   if (owner == NULL) {
     PANIC("AST owner node is NULL");
   }
@@ -82,14 +91,18 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx) {
 }
 
 void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *node) {
+  DEBUG("Deleting AST node: %p", node);
+
   if (node == NULL) {
     PANIC("Node to free is NULL");
   }
 
-  if (node->children != NULL) {
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
-      AST_delete_node(node->children[i]);
-    }
+  if (node->children == NULL) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
+    AST_delete_node(node->children[i]);
   }
 }
 
@@ -97,7 +110,9 @@ static void __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(struct AST_Node_t *root,
                                        void (*for_each)(struct AST_Node_t *node,
                                                         size_t depth),
                                        size_t depth) {
-  (for_each)(root, 0);
+  DEBUG("Recursive visit of %p at %d with %p", root, depth, for_each);
+
+  (for_each)(root, depth);
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < root->child_count; i++) {
     __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(root->children[i], for_each, depth + 1);
@@ -107,35 +122,44 @@ static void __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(struct AST_Node_t *root,
 void AST_visit_nodes_recurse(struct AST_Node_t *root,
                              void (*for_each)(struct AST_Node_t *node,
                                               size_t depth)) {
+  DEBUG("Starting recursive visit of %p with %p", root, for_each);
   __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(root, for_each, 0);
 }
 
-void AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_t* node) {
+static void __AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_t* node) {
+  DEBUG("Printing graphviz definition of %p", node);
 
   fprintf(stream, "\tnode%p [label=\"%s\"]\n", (void*) node, AST_node_to_string(node));
 
-  if (node->children != NULL) {
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
-      AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(stream, node->children[i]);
-    }
+  if (node->children == NULL) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
+    __AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(stream, node->children[i]);
   }
 }
 
-void AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_t* node) {
+static void __AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_t* node) {
+  DEBUG("Printing graphviz connection of %p", node);
 
-  if (node->children != NULL) {
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
-      fprintf(stream, "\tnode%p -- node%p\n", (void*) node, (void*) node->children[i]);
-      AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(stream, node->children[i]);
-    }
+  if (node->children == NULL) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
+    fprintf(stream, "\tnode%p -- node%p\n", (void*) node, (void*) node->children[i]);
+    __AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(stream, node->children[i]);
   }
 }
 
 void AST_fprint_graphviz(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_t* root) {
+  DEBUG("Starting print of graphviz graph of %p", root);
+
   fprintf(stream, "graph {\n");
 
-  AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(stream, root);
-  AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(stream, root);
+  __AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(stream, root);
+  __AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(stream, root);
 
   fprintf(stream, "}\n");
 }
diff --git a/src/main.c b/src/main.c
index b94149a..89189b0 100644
--- a/src/main.c
+++ b/src/main.c
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
-#include <yacc/parser.tab.h>
 
 #define LOG_LEVEL LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG
 

From 03855c5ae69169030aaa616d74ec6aff763cd40c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Mon, 6 May 2024 10:32:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 14/31] added more AST elements

---
 src/ast/ast.h | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/ast/ast.h b/src/ast/ast.h
index e07ff19..28aa7bd 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.h
+++ b/src/ast/ast.h
@@ -6,18 +6,58 @@
 
 // Syntax elements which are stored in a syntax tree
 enum AST_SyntaxElement_t {
-  AST_Statement,
-  AST_Expression,
-  AST_Branch,
-  AST_OperatorAdd,
-  AST_IntegerLiteral
+  AST_Stmt,
+  AST_Expr,
+  // Literals
+  AST_Int,
+  AST_Float,
+  AST_String,
+  // Control flow
+  AST_While,
+  AST_If,
+  AST_IfElse,
+  AST_Else,
+  // Variable management
+  AST_Decl,
+  AST_Assign,
+  AST_Def,
+  AST_Ident,
+  // Arithmetic operators
+  AST_Add,
+  AST_Sub,
+  AST_Mul,
+  AST_Div,
+  // Bitwise operators
+  AST_BitAnd,
+  AST_BitOr,
+  AST_BitXor,
+  AST_BitNot,
+  // Boolean operators
+  AST_BoolAnd,
+  AST_BoolOr,
+  AST_BoolXor,
+  AST_BoolNot,
+  // Logical operators
+  AST_Eq,
+  AST_Greater,
+  AST_Less,
+  // Casts
+  AST_Typecast,   // type cast
+  AST_Transmute,  // reinterpret cast
+  AST_Call,       // function call
+  AST_Macro,      // builtin functions: lineno(), filename(), ...
+  // Defintions
+  AST_Typedef,
+  AST_Box,
+  AST_Fun,
+  AST_Import
 };
 
 struct AST_Node_t {
   // parent node that owns this node
   struct AST_Node_t *parent;
 
-  // type of AST node: if, declration, ...
+  // type of AST node: if, declaration, ...
   enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind;
   // optional value: integer literal, string literal, ...
   const char* value;

From 86c74f66c2be00a08e78b7f67c71f0f1ab0a0190 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Tue, 7 May 2024 13:04:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 15/31] added mote syntax elements

---
 src/ast/ast.c | 65 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 src/ast/ast.h | 12 ++++++++--
 src/main.c    | 48 ++++++++++++++-----------------------
 3 files changed, 79 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/ast/ast.c b/src/ast/ast.c
index 3873e1c..6e4c106 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.c
+++ b/src/ast/ast.c
@@ -23,27 +23,64 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value
   return node;
 }
 
+static const char* lookup_table[AST_ELEMENT_COUNT] = { "__UNINIT__" };
+
+void AST_init() {
+  DEBUG("initializing global syntax tree...");
+
+  INFO("filling lookup table...");
+
+  lookup_table[AST_Expr] = "expr";
+
+  lookup_table[AST_Add] = "+";
+  lookup_table[AST_Sub] = "-";
+  lookup_table[AST_Mul] = "*";
+  lookup_table[AST_Div] = "/";
+
+  lookup_table[AST_BitAnd] = "&";
+  lookup_table[AST_BitOr] = "|";
+  lookup_table[AST_BitXor] = "^";
+  lookup_table[AST_BitNot] = "!";
+
+  lookup_table[AST_Eq] = "==";
+  lookup_table[AST_Less] = "<";
+  lookup_table[AST_Greater] = ">";
+
+  lookup_table[AST_BoolAnd] = "&&";
+  lookup_table[AST_BoolOr] = "||";
+  lookup_table[AST_BoolXor] = "^^";
+  lookup_table[AST_BoolNot] = "!!";
+
+  lookup_table[AST_While] = "while";
+  lookup_table[AST_If] = "if";
+  lookup_table[AST_IfElse] = "else if";
+  lookup_table[AST_Else] = "else";
+
+  lookup_table[AST_Decl] = "decl";
+  lookup_table[AST_Assign] = "assign";
+  lookup_table[AST_Def] = "def";
+
+  lookup_table[AST_Typedef] = "typedef";
+  lookup_table[AST_Box] = "box";
+  lookup_table[AST_Fun] = "fun";
+}
+
 const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node) {
   DEBUG("converting AST node to string: %p", node);
 
   const char* string = "unknown";
 
-  switch (node->kind) {
-    case AST_Expression:
-      string = "expression";
-      break;
-    case AST_Statement:
-      string = "statement";
-      break;
-    case AST_Branch:
-      string = "if";
-      break;
-    case AST_IntegerLiteral:
+  switch(node->kind) {
+    case AST_Int:
+    case AST_Float:
+    case AST_String:
+    case AST_Ident:
+    case AST_Macro:
+    case AST_Import:
       string = node->value;
       break;
-    case AST_OperatorAdd:
-      string = "+";
-      break;
+    default:
+      string = lookup_table[node->kind];
   }
 
   return string;
diff --git a/src/ast/ast.h b/src/ast/ast.h
index 28aa7bd..486a520 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.h
+++ b/src/ast/ast.h
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 // Syntax elements which are stored in a syntax tree
 enum AST_SyntaxElement_t {
-  AST_Stmt,
+  AST_Stmt = 0,
   AST_Expr,
   // Literals
   AST_Int,
@@ -50,7 +50,10 @@ enum AST_SyntaxElement_t {
   AST_Typedef,
   AST_Box,
   AST_Fun,
-  AST_Import
+  AST_Import,
+  // amount of variants
+  // in this enum
+  AST_ELEMENT_COUNT
 };
 
 struct AST_Node_t {
@@ -69,6 +72,11 @@ struct AST_Node_t {
   struct AST_Node_t **children;
 };
 
+typedef struct AST_Node_t* AST_NODE_PTR;
+
+// initialize the global AST state
+void AST_init(void);
+
 // return a string representation of the nodes type and its value
 // does not take into account its children or parent
 const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node);
diff --git a/src/main.c b/src/main.c
index 16b8d35..1689ff0 100644
--- a/src/main.c
+++ b/src/main.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-#include <ast/ast.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
+#include <yacc/parser.tab.h>
+#include <ast/ast.h>
 
 #define LOG_LEVEL LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG
 
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ extern FILE* yyin;
 
 /**
  * @brief Log a debug message to inform about beginning exit procedures
- * 
+ *
  */
 void notify_exit(void)
 {
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ void notify_exit(void)
 
 /**
  * @brief Closes File after compiling.
- * 
+ *
  */
 
 void close_file(void)
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ void close_file(void)
 
 /**
  * @brief Run compiler setup here
- * 
+ *
  */
 void setup(void)
 {
@@ -40,12 +40,13 @@ void setup(void)
     log_init();
     DEBUG("starting gemstone...");
 
-    #if LOG_LEVEL <= LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG
+#if LOG_LEVEL <= LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG
     atexit(&notify_exit);
-    #endif
+#endif
 
     // actual setup
-    
+    AST_init();
+
     DEBUG("finished starting up gemstone...");
 }
 
@@ -53,39 +54,26 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
     setup();
     atexit(close_file);
-    
+
     // Check for file input as argument
     if (2 != argc)
     {
         INFO("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]);
         PANIC("No File could be found");
     }
-    
+
     // filename as first argument
     char *filename = argv[1];
 
     FILE *file = fopen(filename, "r");
 
-    struct AST_Node_t* node = AST_new_node(AST_Branch, NULL);
+    if (NULL == file)
+    {
+        PANIC("File couldn't be opened!");
+    }
+    yyin = file;
 
-    struct AST_Node_t* child = AST_new_node(AST_OperatorAdd, NULL);
-    AST_push_node(child, AST_new_node(AST_IntegerLiteral, "43"));
-    AST_push_node(child, AST_new_node(AST_IntegerLiteral, "9"));
-
-    AST_push_node(node, child);
-    AST_push_node(node, AST_new_node(AST_Expression, NULL));
-    AST_push_node(node, AST_new_node(AST_Expression, NULL));
-
-    FILE* out = fopen("ast.gv", "w+");
-    // convert this file        ^^^^^^
-    // to an svg with: `dot -Tsvg ast.gv > graph.svg`
-
-    AST_fprint_graphviz(out, node);
-
-    AST_delete_node(node);
-
-    fflush(out);
-    fclose(out);
+    yyparse();
 
     return 0;
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From f32a16ea8e8f3b5f8c5367a3452d81ac1b00a03f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Tue, 7 May 2024 15:22:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 16/31] added tests for ast

---
 tests/CMakeLists.txt     |  3 ++-
 tests/ast/CMakeLists.txt | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/ast/build_tree.c   | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/ast/gen_graph.c    | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/ast/print_node.c   | 19 +++++++++++++++++
 tests/ast/test_ast.py    | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 174 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/ast/CMakeLists.txt
 create mode 100644 tests/ast/build_tree.c
 create mode 100644 tests/ast/gen_graph.c
 create mode 100644 tests/ast/print_node.c
 create mode 100644 tests/ast/test_ast.py

diff --git a/tests/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
index ab8afdc..b5c1111 100644
--- a/tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -7,4 +7,5 @@ set(CTEST_BINARY_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/tests)
 # Provide test to run here or include another CMakeLists.txt
 
 add_subdirectory(logging)
-add_subdirectory(input_file)
\ No newline at end of file
+add_subdirectory(input_file)
+add_subdirectory(ast)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/ast/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/ast/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81e7b96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ast/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+include(CTest)
+
+include_directories(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------- #
+# CTEST 1
+# test building the syntax tree
+
+add_executable(ast_build_tree
+        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/ast/ast.c
+        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/log.c
+        build_tree.c)
+set_target_properties(ast_build_tree
+        PROPERTIES
+        OUTPUT_NAME "build_tree"
+        RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/tests/ast)
+add_test(NAME ast_build_tree
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}
+        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/ast/test_ast.py check_build_tree)
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------- #
+# CTEST 2
+# test node to string output
+
+add_executable(ast_print_node
+        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/ast/ast.c
+        print_node.c)
+set_target_properties(ast_build_tree
+        PROPERTIES
+        OUTPUT_NAME "build_tree"
+        RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/tests/ast)
+add_test(NAME ast_print_node
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}
+        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/ast/test_ast.py check_print_node)
+
diff --git a/tests/ast/build_tree.c b/tests/ast/build_tree.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dec7b85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ast/build_tree.c
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 5/7/24.
+//
+
+#include <ast/ast.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+
+void generate_statement(const AST_NODE_PTR stmt) {
+    const AST_NODE_PTR add = AST_new_node(AST_Add, NULL);
+
+    AST_push_node(add, AST_new_node(AST_Int, "3"));
+    AST_push_node(add, AST_new_node(AST_Int, "6"));
+
+    AST_push_node(stmt, add);
+}
+
+void generate_branch(const AST_NODE_PTR stmt) {
+    const AST_NODE_PTR branch = AST_new_node(AST_If, NULL);
+    const AST_NODE_PTR gt = AST_new_node(AST_Greater, NULL);
+
+    AST_push_node(branch, gt);
+
+    AST_push_node(gt, AST_new_node(AST_Float, "2.3"));
+    AST_push_node(gt, AST_new_node(AST_Float, "0.79"));
+
+    AST_push_node(stmt, branch);
+
+    generate_statement(branch);
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+
+    const AST_NODE_PTR root = AST_new_node(AST_Stmt, NULL);
+
+    generate_branch(root);
+
+    AST_delete_node(root);
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/tests/ast/gen_graph.c b/tests/ast/gen_graph.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..186d571
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ast/gen_graph.c
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 5/7/24.
+//
+
+#include <ast/ast.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+
+    struct AST_Node_t* node = AST_new_node(AST_If, NULL);
+
+    struct AST_Node_t* child = AST_new_node(AST_Add, NULL);
+    AST_push_node(child, AST_new_node(AST_Int, "43"));
+    AST_push_node(child, AST_new_node(AST_Int, "9"));
+
+    AST_push_node(node, child);
+    AST_push_node(node, AST_new_node(AST_Expr, NULL));
+    AST_push_node(node, AST_new_node(AST_Expr, NULL));
+
+    FILE* out = fopen("ast.gv", "w+");
+    // convert this file        ^^^^^^
+    // to an svg with: `dot -Tsvg ast.gv > graph.svg`
+
+    AST_fprint_graphviz(out, node);
+
+    AST_delete_node(node);
+
+    fflush(out);
+    fclose(out);
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/tests/ast/print_node.c b/tests/ast/print_node.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83d3d43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ast/print_node.c
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 5/7/24.
+//
+
+#include <ast/ast.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+
+    const AST_NODE_PTR node = AST_new_node(0, "value");
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < AST_ELEMENT_COUNT; i++) {
+        // set kind
+        node->kind = i;
+        // print symbol
+        printf("%ld %s\n", i, AST_node_to_string(node));
+    }
+
+    AST_delete_node(node);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ast/test_ast.py b/tests/ast/test_ast.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..111e9c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ast/test_ast.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import logging
+from logging import info, error
+import os
+
+BIN_DIR = "bin/tests/ast/"
+
+
+def run_check_build_tree():
+    info("started check tree build...")
+
+    p = subprocess.run(BIN_DIR + "build_tree", capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    info("checking exit code...")
+
+    # check exit code
+    assert p.returncode == 0
+
+
+def run_check_print_node():
+    info("started check node print...")
+
+    p = subprocess.run(BIN_DIR + "print_node", capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    info("checking exit code...")
+
+    # check exit code
+    assert p.returncode == 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+
+    target = sys.argv[1]
+
+    info(f"starting ast test suite with target: {target}")
+
+    match target:
+        case "check_build_tree":
+            run_check_build_tree()
+        case "check_print_node":
+            run_check_print_node()
+        case _:
+            error(f"unknown target: {target}")
+            exit(1)

From 565d50b639253cb833c6039eab36acd5700c8a6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Tue, 7 May 2024 15:24:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 17/31] added gc module

---
 src/ast/ast.c   |   1 +
 src/gc/gc.c     | 113 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/gc/gc.h     |  24 ++++++++++
 src/lex/lexer.l |   1 +
 src/main.c      |   3 ++
 src/sys/log.h   |   2 +-
 6 files changed, 143 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/gc/gc.c
 create mode 100644 src/gc/gc.h

diff --git a/src/ast/ast.c b/src/ast/ast.c
index 6e4c106..a9c820b 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.c
+++ b/src/ast/ast.c
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
+#include <gc/gc.h>
 
 struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value) {
   DEBUG("creating new AST node: %d \"%s\"", kind, value);
diff --git a/src/gc/gc.c b/src/gc/gc.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7648655
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/gc/gc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 5/7/24.
+//
+
+#include <gc/gc.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#undef malloc
+#undef free
+#undef realloc
+
+#define GC_HEAP_PREALLOC_CNT 10
+
+typedef struct GC_Heap_Statistics_t {
+    size_t bytes;
+} GC_Heap_Statistics;
+
+static struct GC_Heap_t {
+    RAW_PTR* blocks;
+    size_t cap;
+    size_t len;
+    GC_Heap_Statistics statistics;
+} GC_GLOBAL_HEAP;
+
+static void __GC_teardown(void) {
+    INFO("Used %ld bytes in total", GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.statistics.bytes);
+
+    if (GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks == NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len; i++) {
+        free(GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[i]);
+    }
+
+    free(GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks);
+
+    GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks = NULL;
+}
+
+static void __GC_check_init(void) {
+    if (GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks == NULL) {
+        GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.cap = GC_HEAP_PREALLOC_CNT;
+        const size_t bytes = sizeof(RAW_PTR) * GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.cap;
+        GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks = malloc(bytes);
+        GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+void GC_init(void) {
+    atexit(__GC_teardown);
+}
+
+static void __GC_check_overflow(void) {
+    if (GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len >= GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.cap) {
+        GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.cap += GC_HEAP_PREALLOC_CNT;
+        const size_t bytes = sizeof(RAW_PTR) * GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.cap;
+        GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks = realloc(GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks, bytes);
+    }
+}
+
+RAW_PTR GC_malloc(const size_t bytes) {
+    const RAW_PTR ptr = malloc(bytes);
+
+    if (ptr == NULL) {
+        FATAL("unable to allocate memory");
+    }
+
+    __GC_check_init();
+    __GC_check_overflow();
+
+    GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len++] = ptr;
+
+    GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.statistics.bytes += bytes;
+
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+static void __GC_swap_ptr(RAW_PTR old, RAW_PTR new) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len; i++) {
+        if (GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[i] == old) {
+            GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[i] = new;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+RAW_PTR GC_realloc(RAW_PTR ptr, size_t bytes) {
+    const RAW_PTR new_ptr = (RAW_PTR) realloc(ptr, bytes);
+
+    if (new_ptr == NULL) {
+        FATAL("unable to reallocate memory");
+    }
+
+    __GC_swap_ptr(ptr, new_ptr);
+
+    return new_ptr;
+}
+
+void GC_free(RAW_PTR ptr) {
+    DEBUG("freeing memory: %p", ptr);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len; i++) {
+
+        if (ptr == GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[i]) {
+            free(GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[i]);
+
+            GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len--;
+
+            memcpy(&GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[i], &GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[i + 1], GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len - i);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/gc/gc.h b/src/gc/gc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fe17a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/gc/gc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 5/7/24.
+//
+
+#ifndef GC_H
+#define GC_H
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#define malloc GC_malloc
+#define free GC_free
+#define realloc GC_realloc
+
+typedef void* RAW_PTR;
+
+void GC_init(void);
+
+RAW_PTR GC_malloc(size_t bytes);
+
+RAW_PTR GC_realloc(RAW_PTR ptr, size_t bytes);
+
+void GC_free(RAW_PTR ptr);
+
+#endif //GC_H
diff --git a/src/lex/lexer.l b/src/lex/lexer.l
index 8823195..129af69 100644
--- a/src/lex/lexer.l
+++ b/src/lex/lexer.l
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 %{
     #include <yacc/parser.tab.h>
     #include <sys/log.h>
+    #include <gc/gc.h>
 
     int yyLineNumber = 1;
     int yylex();
diff --git a/src/main.c b/src/main.c
index 1689ff0..0b56d88 100644
--- a/src/main.c
+++ b/src/main.c
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include <sys/log.h>
 #include <yacc/parser.tab.h>
 #include <ast/ast.h>
+#include <gc/gc.h>
 
 #define LOG_LEVEL LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG
 
@@ -47,6 +48,8 @@ void setup(void)
     // actual setup
     AST_init();
 
+    GC_init();
+
     DEBUG("finished starting up gemstone...");
 }
 
diff --git a/src/sys/log.h b/src/sys/log.h
index aa18c88..3b4f7ed 100644
--- a/src/sys/log.h
+++ b/src/sys/log.h
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #define _SYS_ERR_H_
 
 #include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
+#include <gc/gc.h>
 
 #define LOG_DEFAULT_STREAM stderr
 

From 94efa65ed0c78ca48a70fd8cb16d4a14a21c43b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 13:49:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 18/31] added test for graphviz

---
 src/ast/ast.c              |  6 ++++
 src/ast/ast.h              |  1 +
 tests/ast/CMakeLists.txt   | 20 ++++++++++--
 tests/ast/print_graphviz.c | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/ast/print_node.c     |  4 +++
 tests/ast/test_ast.py      | 67 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 150 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/ast/print_graphviz.c

diff --git a/src/ast/ast.c b/src/ast/ast.c
index 6e4c106..93420cb 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.c
+++ b/src/ast/ast.c
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ void AST_init() {
 
   INFO("filling lookup table...");
 
+  lookup_table[AST_Stmt] = "stmt";
   lookup_table[AST_Expr] = "expr";
 
   lookup_table[AST_Add] = "+";
@@ -63,6 +64,10 @@ void AST_init() {
   lookup_table[AST_Typedef] = "typedef";
   lookup_table[AST_Box] = "box";
   lookup_table[AST_Fun] = "fun";
+
+  lookup_table[AST_Typecast] = "cast";
+  lookup_table[AST_Transmute] = "as";
+  lookup_table[AST_Condition] = "condition";
 }
 
 const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node) {
@@ -77,6 +82,7 @@ const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node) {
     case AST_Ident:
     case AST_Macro:
     case AST_Import:
+    case AST_Call:
       string = node->value;
       break;
     default:
diff --git a/src/ast/ast.h b/src/ast/ast.h
index 486a520..0bb9c6e 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.h
+++ b/src/ast/ast.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ enum AST_SyntaxElement_t {
   AST_If,
   AST_IfElse,
   AST_Else,
+  AST_Condition,
   // Variable management
   AST_Decl,
   AST_Assign,
diff --git a/tests/ast/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/ast/CMakeLists.txt
index 81e7b96..455130b 100644
--- a/tests/ast/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/ast/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -24,12 +24,28 @@ add_test(NAME ast_build_tree
 
 add_executable(ast_print_node
         ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/ast/ast.c
+        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/log.c
         print_node.c)
-set_target_properties(ast_build_tree
+set_target_properties(ast_print_node
         PROPERTIES
-        OUTPUT_NAME "build_tree"
+        OUTPUT_NAME "print_node"
         RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/tests/ast)
 add_test(NAME ast_print_node
         WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}
         COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/ast/test_ast.py check_print_node)
 
+# ------------------------------------------------------- #
+# CTEST 3
+# test graphviz output
+
+add_executable(ast_graphviz
+        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/ast/ast.c
+        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/log.c
+        print_graphviz.c)
+set_target_properties(ast_graphviz
+        PROPERTIES
+        OUTPUT_NAME "print_graphviz"
+        RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR}/tests/ast)
+add_test(NAME ast_graphviz
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}
+        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/ast/test_ast.py check_print_graphviz)
diff --git a/tests/ast/print_graphviz.c b/tests/ast/print_graphviz.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6df64b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ast/print_graphviz.c
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 5/8/24.
+//
+
+#include <ast/ast.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+
+void generate_statement(const AST_NODE_PTR stmt) {
+    const AST_NODE_PTR add = AST_new_node(AST_Add, NULL);
+
+    AST_push_node(add, AST_new_node(AST_Int, "3"));
+    AST_push_node(add, AST_new_node(AST_Int, "6"));
+
+    AST_push_node(stmt, add);
+}
+
+void generate_branch(const AST_NODE_PTR stmt) {
+    const AST_NODE_PTR branch = AST_new_node(AST_If, NULL);
+    const AST_NODE_PTR gt = AST_new_node(AST_Greater, NULL);
+
+    AST_push_node(branch, gt);
+
+    AST_push_node(gt, AST_new_node(AST_Float, "2.3"));
+    AST_push_node(gt, AST_new_node(AST_Float, "0.79"));
+
+    AST_push_node(stmt, branch);
+
+    generate_statement(branch);
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+
+    AST_init();
+
+    const AST_NODE_PTR root = AST_new_node(AST_Stmt, NULL);
+
+    generate_branch(root);
+
+    FILE* output = fopen("tmp/graph.gv", "w");
+
+    if (output == NULL) {
+        PANIC("unable to open file");
+    }
+
+    AST_fprint_graphviz(output, root);
+
+    fflush(output);
+
+    fclose(output);
+
+    AST_delete_node(root);
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/tests/ast/print_node.c b/tests/ast/print_node.c
index 83d3d43..38e8a41 100644
--- a/tests/ast/print_node.c
+++ b/tests/ast/print_node.c
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 
 int main(void) {
 
+    AST_init();
+
     const AST_NODE_PTR node = AST_new_node(0, "value");
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < AST_ELEMENT_COUNT; i++) {
@@ -16,4 +18,6 @@ int main(void) {
     }
 
     AST_delete_node(node);
+
+    return 0;
 }
diff --git a/tests/ast/test_ast.py b/tests/ast/test_ast.py
index 111e9c3..8acd654 100644
--- a/tests/ast/test_ast.py
+++ b/tests/ast/test_ast.py
@@ -28,6 +28,71 @@ def run_check_print_node():
     # check exit code
     assert p.returncode == 0
 
+    assert """0 stmt
+1 expr
+2 value
+3 value
+4 value
+5 while
+6 if
+7 else if
+8 else
+9 condition
+10 decl
+11 assign
+12 def
+13 value
+14 +
+15 -
+16 *
+17 /
+18 &
+19 |
+20 ^
+21 !
+22 &&
+23 ||
+24 ^^
+25 !!
+26 ==
+27 >
+28 <
+29 cast
+30 as
+31 value
+32 value
+33 typedef
+34 box
+35 fun
+36 value
+""" == p.stdout
+
+
+def run_check_print_graphviz():
+    info("started check print graphviz...")
+
+    p = subprocess.run(BIN_DIR + "print_graphviz", capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    info("checking exit code...")
+
+    # check exit code
+    assert p.returncode == 0
+
+    info("converting gv to svg...")
+
+    p = subprocess.run(["dot", "-Tsvg", "tmp/graph.gv", "-otmp/graph.svg"])
+
+    info("checking exit code...")
+    assert p.returncode == 0
+
+    info("checking svg output...")
+    with open("tmp/graph.svg", "r") as file:
+        string = "".join(file.readlines())
+        assert "2.3" in string
+        assert "0.79" in string
+        assert "stmt" in string
+        assert "if" in string
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
@@ -41,6 +106,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
             run_check_build_tree()
         case "check_print_node":
             run_check_print_node()
+        case "check_print_graphviz":
+            run_check_print_graphviz()
         case _:
             error(f"unknown target: {target}")
             exit(1)

From dcda1158f2922f6d028b10daba275a09b073fa41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 13:55:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 19/31] added tmp folder handler

---
 tests/ast/test_ast.py | 13 +++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/ast/test_ast.py b/tests/ast/test_ast.py
index 8acd654..0f9b757 100644
--- a/tests/ast/test_ast.py
+++ b/tests/ast/test_ast.py
@@ -71,6 +71,19 @@ def run_check_print_node():
 def run_check_print_graphviz():
     info("started check print graphviz...")
 
+    info("creating temporary folder...")
+
+    if not os.path.exists("tmp"):
+        os.mkdir("tmp")
+
+    info("cleaning temporary folder...")
+
+    if os.path.exists("tmp/graph.gv"):
+        os.remove("tmp/graph.gv")
+
+    if os.path.exists("tmp/graph.svg"):
+        os.remove("tmp/graph.svg")
+
     p = subprocess.run(BIN_DIR + "print_graphviz", capture_output=True, text=True)
 
     info("checking exit code...")

From 4840975b26fc6f815c7ab58ef2acb031acb8f48f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 14:03:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 20/31] added graphviz to sdk 0.2.3

---
 sdk/Dockerfile | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sdk/Dockerfile b/sdk/Dockerfile
index 1a6a677..aae7438 100644
--- a/sdk/Dockerfile
+++ b/sdk/Dockerfile
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 FROM alpine:3.19.1
 LABEL authors="servostar"
-LABEL version="0.2.2"
+LABEL version="0.2.3"
 LABEL description="base image for building the gemstone programming language compiler"
 LABEL website="https://github.com/Servostar/gemstone"
 
 # install dependencies
-RUN apk add build-base gcc make cmake bison flex git python3
+RUN apk add build-base gcc make cmake bison flex git python3 graphviz
 
 # create user for build
 RUN adduser --disabled-password lorang

From a5cd609f68debf4ab89bae656935225fb95d6393 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 14:06:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 21/31] bumped devkit 0.2.3

---
 Dockerfile | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile
index 09e34b6..a8c2f7f 100644
--- a/Dockerfile
+++ b/Dockerfile
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-FROM servostar/gemstone:sdk-0.2.2-alpine-3.19.1
+FROM servostar/gemstone:sdk-0.2.3-alpine-3.19.1
 LABEL authors="servostar"
-LABEL version="0.2.2"
+LABEL version="0.2.3"
 LABEL description="docker image for setting up the build pipeline on SDK"
 LABEL website="https://github.com/Servostar/gemstone"
 

From a3f5bc1fe6ca7c7741cfca496017fa330580994f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 14:11:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 22/31] bumped action sdk 0.2.3

---
 .github/workflows/build-check-sdk.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build-check-sdk.yaml b/.github/workflows/build-check-sdk.yaml
index 10a4811..b17b734 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build-check-sdk.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-check-sdk.yaml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: "Build check gemstone in SDK"
 run-name: SDK build check to ${{ inputs.deploy_target }} by @${{ github.actor }}
 on: [push, pull_request]
 env:
-  SDK: 0.2.2-alpine-3.19.1
+  SDK: 0.2.3-alpine-3.19.1
 jobs:
   build-check-sdk:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest

From f05ebf6ac299f3017058bff7c0d12cd6f0d85787 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Filleo <felixmueller1620@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 15:51:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 23/31] added Self token changed program rule added rules for
 box removed second assign added storagequalifier added typedefine

---
 src/lex/lexer.l   |  1 +
 src/yacc/parser.y | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lex/lexer.l b/src/lex/lexer.l
index 1d5b9c2..c9bf739 100644
--- a/src/lex/lexer.l
+++ b/src/lex/lexer.l
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 
 "int" {DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'KeyInt'", yytext); return(KeyInt);};
 "float" {DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'KeyFloat\'", yytext); return(KeyFloat);};
+"self" {DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'KeySelf\'", yytext); return(KeySelf);};
 "as" {DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'KeyAs'", yytext); return (KeyAs);};
 "short" {DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'KeyShort\'", yytext); return(KeyShort);};
 "long" {DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'KeyLong\'", yytext); return(KeyLong);};
diff --git a/src/yacc/parser.y b/src/yacc/parser.y
index ddcae10..36c5931 100644
--- a/src/yacc/parser.y
+++ b/src/yacc/parser.y
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 %token KeyInt
 %token KeyFloat
+%token KeySelf
 %token KeyAs
 %token <string> ValInt
 %token <string> Ident
@@ -63,15 +64,26 @@
 %left OpBitand OpBitor OpBitxor OpBitnot
 
 %%
-program: statementlist
-        | fundef;
+program: program programbody
+       | programbody;
+
+programbody: moduleimport
+       | fundef
+       | box
+       | definition
+       | decl
+       | typedef;
+
+
 
 expr: ValFloat
     | ValInt
     | ValMultistr
     | ValStr
     | Ident
-    | operation;
+    | operation
+    | boxaccess
+    | boxselfaccess;
 
 exprlist: expr ',' exprlist
         | expr;
@@ -98,9 +110,26 @@ IOqualifyier: KeyIn
 
 paramdecl: type ':' Ident { DEBUG("Param-Declaration"); };
 
-funcall: Ident argumentlist { DEBUG("Function call"); };
+box: KeyType KeyBox ':' Ident '{' boxbody '}' { DEBUG("Box"); }
+   | KeyType KeyBox ':' Ident '{' '}';
 
-assign: Ident '=' expr { DEBUG("Assignment"); };
+boxbody: boxbody boxcontent
+       | boxcontent;
+
+boxcontent: decl { DEBUG("Box decl Content"); }
+          | definition { DEBUG("Box def Content"); }
+          | fundef { DEBUG("Box fun Content"); };
+
+boxselfaccess: KeySelf '.' Ident
+             | KeySelf '.' boxaccess;
+
+boxaccess: Ident '.' Ident
+         | Ident '.' boxaccess;
+
+boxcall: boxaccess argumentlist
+       | boxselfaccess argumentlist;
+
+funcall: Ident argumentlist { DEBUG("Function call"); };
 
 moduleimport: KeyImport ValStr { DEBUG("Module-Import"); };
 
@@ -112,7 +141,8 @@ statement: assign
         | definition
         | while
         | branch
-        | funcall;
+        | funcall
+        | boxcall;
 
 branchif: KeyIf expr '{' statementlist '}' { DEBUG("if"); };
 branchelse: KeyElse '{' statementlist '}' { DEBUG("if-else"); };
@@ -129,15 +159,25 @@ while: KeyWhile expr '{' statementlist '}' { DEBUG("while"); };
 identlist: Ident ',' identlist
         | Ident;
 
-decl: type ':' identlist;
+decl: type ':' identlist
+    | storagequalifier type ':' identlist
+
 
 definition: decl '=' expr { DEBUG("Definition"); };
 
-assign: Ident '=' expr { DEBUG("Assignment"); };
+storagequalifier: KeyGlobal
+        | KeyStatic
+        | KeyLocal;
+
+assign: Ident '=' expr { DEBUG("Assignment"); }
+      | boxaccess '=' expr 
+      | boxselfaccess '=' expr ;
 
 sign: KeySigned
     | KeyUnsigned;
 
+typedef: KeyType type':' Ident;
+
 scale: scale KeyShort
     | scale KeyHalf
     | scale KeyLong

From 4322797eae10bdf3acc7cc578a8eadbdea35dbaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 20:44:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 24/31] added detach function

---
 src/ast/ast.c | 81 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 src/ast/ast.h |  3 ++
 2 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/ast/ast.c b/src/ast/ast.c
index 93420cb..8adfe31 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.c
+++ b/src/ast/ast.c
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
+#include <assert.h>
 
-struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value) {
+AST_NODE_PTR AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value) {
   DEBUG("creating new AST node: %d \"%s\"", kind, value);
 
-  struct AST_Node_t *node = malloc(sizeof(struct AST_Node_t));
+  AST_NODE_PTR node = malloc(sizeof(struct AST_Node_t));
 
   if (node == NULL) {
     PANIC("failed to allocate AST node");
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value
   node->parent = NULL;
   node->children = NULL;
   node->child_count = 0;
+  node->child_cap = 0;
   node->kind = kind;
   node->value = value;
 
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value
 
 static const char* lookup_table[AST_ELEMENT_COUNT] = { "__UNINIT__" };
 
-void AST_init() {
+void AST_init(void) {
   DEBUG("initializing global syntax tree...");
 
   INFO("filling lookup table...");
@@ -92,17 +94,24 @@ const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node) {
   return string;
 }
 
-void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child) {
+#define PRE_ALLOCATION_CNT 10
+
+void AST_push_node(AST_NODE_PTR owner, AST_NODE_PTR child) {
   DEBUG("Adding new node %p to %p", child, owner);
 
+  assert(PRE_ALLOCATION_CNT >= 1);
+
   // if there are no children for now
-  if (owner->child_count == 0) {
+  if (owner->children == NULL) {
+    assert(owner->child_count == 0);
     DEBUG("Allocating new children array");
     owner->children = malloc(sizeof(struct AST_Node_t *));
+    owner->child_cap = 1;
 
-  } else {
-    DEBUG("Rellocating old children array");
-    const size_t size = sizeof(struct AST_Node_t *) * (owner->child_count + 1);
+  } else if (owner->child_count >= owner->child_cap) {
+    DEBUG("Reallocating old children array");
+    owner->child_cap += PRE_ALLOCATION_CNT;
+    const size_t size = sizeof(struct AST_Node_t *) * owner->child_cap;
     owner->children = realloc(owner->children, size);
   }
 
@@ -113,8 +122,8 @@ void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child) {
   owner->children[owner->child_count++] = child;
 }
 
-struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx) {
-  DEBUG("retrvieng node %d from %p", idx, owner);
+AST_NODE_PTR AST_get_node(AST_NODE_PTR owner, size_t idx) {
+  DEBUG("retrieving node %d from %p", idx, owner);
 
   if (owner == NULL) {
     PANIC("AST owner node is NULL");
@@ -124,7 +133,7 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx) {
     PANIC("AST owner node has no children");
   }
 
-  struct AST_Node_t *child = owner->children[idx];
+  AST_NODE_PTR child = owner->children[idx];
 
   if (child == NULL) {
     PANIC("child node is NULL");
@@ -133,20 +142,48 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx) {
   return child;
 }
 
-void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *node) {
-  DEBUG("Deleting AST node: %p", node);
+void AST_delete_node(AST_NODE_PTR node) {
+    DEBUG("Deleting AST node: %p", node);
 
-  if (node == NULL) {
-    PANIC("Node to free is NULL");
-  }
+    if (node == NULL) {
+        PANIC("Node to free is NULL");
+    }
 
-  if (node->children == NULL) {
-    return;
-  }
+    if (node->parent != NULL) {
+        AST_detach_node(node->parent, node);
+    }
 
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
-    AST_delete_node(node->children[i]);
-  }
+    if (node->children == NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
+        if (node->children[i] != node) {
+            AST_delete_node(node->children[i]);
+        } else {
+            WARN("Circular dependency in AST: parent -> child -> parent -> child -> ...");
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(node->children);
+    free(node);
+}
+
+AST_NODE_PTR AST_detach_node(AST_NODE_PTR parent, AST_NODE_PTR child) {
+    assert(parent != NULL);
+    assert(child != NULL);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < parent->child_count; i++) {
+        if (child == parent->children[i]) {
+            memcpy(&parent->children[i], &parent->children[i + 1], parent->child_count - i - 1);
+            parent->child_count--;
+            return child;
+        }
+    }
+
+    WARN("Node not a child of parent");
+
+    return child;
 }
 
 static void __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(struct AST_Node_t *root,
diff --git a/src/ast/ast.h b/src/ast/ast.h
index 0bb9c6e..13437ea 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.h
+++ b/src/ast/ast.h
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ struct AST_Node_t {
   // number of child nodes ownd by this node
   // length of children array
   size_t child_count;
+  size_t child_cap;
   // variable amount of child nodes
   struct AST_Node_t **children;
 };
@@ -90,6 +91,8 @@ void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *);
 // add a new child node
 void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child);
 
+AST_NODE_PTR AST_detach_node(AST_NODE_PTR parent, AST_NODE_PTR child);
+
 // get a specific child node
 struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx);
 

From abbbe59b083d7c3deee8f0d2ebbf967ff6e81dd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Filleo <felixmueller1620@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 21:56:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 25/31] added string.h in ast.c

---
 src/ast/ast.c | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/ast/ast.c b/src/ast/ast.c
index efd737b..7d2124e 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.c
+++ b/src/ast/ast.c
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 
 #include <ast/ast.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
 #include <assert.h>

From eac3b23432e2ca3a95d590b40ccf481fe0f7c2cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 22:06:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 26/31] Revert "added detach function"

This reverts commit 4322797eae10bdf3acc7cc578a8eadbdea35dbaf.
---
 src/ast/ast.c | 82 ++++++++++++++-------------------------------------
 src/ast/ast.h |  3 --
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/ast/ast.c b/src/ast/ast.c
index 7d2124e..7bae47b 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.c
+++ b/src/ast/ast.c
@@ -4,13 +4,11 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <gc/gc.h>
 
-AST_NODE_PTR AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value) {
+struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value) {
   DEBUG("creating new AST node: %d \"%s\"", kind, value);
 
-  AST_NODE_PTR node = malloc(sizeof(struct AST_Node_t));
+  struct AST_Node_t *node = malloc(sizeof(struct AST_Node_t));
 
   if (node == NULL) {
     PANIC("failed to allocate AST node");
@@ -20,7 +18,6 @@ AST_NODE_PTR AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value) {
   node->parent = NULL;
   node->children = NULL;
   node->child_count = 0;
-  node->child_cap = 0;
   node->kind = kind;
   node->value = value;
 
@@ -29,7 +26,7 @@ AST_NODE_PTR AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value) {
 
 static const char* lookup_table[AST_ELEMENT_COUNT] = { "__UNINIT__" };
 
-void AST_init(void) {
+void AST_init() {
   DEBUG("initializing global syntax tree...");
 
   INFO("filling lookup table...");
@@ -96,24 +93,17 @@ const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node) {
   return string;
 }
 
-#define PRE_ALLOCATION_CNT 10
-
-void AST_push_node(AST_NODE_PTR owner, AST_NODE_PTR child) {
+void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child) {
   DEBUG("Adding new node %p to %p", child, owner);
 
-  assert(PRE_ALLOCATION_CNT >= 1);
-
   // if there are no children for now
-  if (owner->children == NULL) {
-    assert(owner->child_count == 0);
+  if (owner->child_count == 0) {
     DEBUG("Allocating new children array");
     owner->children = malloc(sizeof(struct AST_Node_t *));
-    owner->child_cap = 1;
 
-  } else if (owner->child_count >= owner->child_cap) {
-    DEBUG("Reallocating old children array");
-    owner->child_cap += PRE_ALLOCATION_CNT;
-    const size_t size = sizeof(struct AST_Node_t *) * owner->child_cap;
+  } else {
+    DEBUG("Rellocating old children array");
+    const size_t size = sizeof(struct AST_Node_t *) * (owner->child_count + 1);
     owner->children = realloc(owner->children, size);
   }
 
@@ -124,8 +114,8 @@ void AST_push_node(AST_NODE_PTR owner, AST_NODE_PTR child) {
   owner->children[owner->child_count++] = child;
 }
 
-AST_NODE_PTR AST_get_node(AST_NODE_PTR owner, size_t idx) {
-  DEBUG("retrieving node %d from %p", idx, owner);
+struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx) {
+  DEBUG("retrvieng node %d from %p", idx, owner);
 
   if (owner == NULL) {
     PANIC("AST owner node is NULL");
@@ -135,7 +125,7 @@ AST_NODE_PTR AST_get_node(AST_NODE_PTR owner, size_t idx) {
     PANIC("AST owner node has no children");
   }
 
-  AST_NODE_PTR child = owner->children[idx];
+  struct AST_Node_t *child = owner->children[idx];
 
   if (child == NULL) {
     PANIC("child node is NULL");
@@ -144,48 +134,20 @@ AST_NODE_PTR AST_get_node(AST_NODE_PTR owner, size_t idx) {
   return child;
 }
 
-void AST_delete_node(AST_NODE_PTR node) {
-    DEBUG("Deleting AST node: %p", node);
+void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *node) {
+  DEBUG("Deleting AST node: %p", node);
 
-    if (node == NULL) {
-        PANIC("Node to free is NULL");
-    }
+  if (node == NULL) {
+    PANIC("Node to free is NULL");
+  }
 
-    if (node->parent != NULL) {
-        AST_detach_node(node->parent, node);
-    }
+  if (node->children == NULL) {
+    return;
+  }
 
-    if (node->children == NULL) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
-        if (node->children[i] != node) {
-            AST_delete_node(node->children[i]);
-        } else {
-            WARN("Circular dependency in AST: parent -> child -> parent -> child -> ...");
-        }
-    }
-
-    free(node->children);
-    free(node);
-}
-
-AST_NODE_PTR AST_detach_node(AST_NODE_PTR parent, AST_NODE_PTR child) {
-    assert(parent != NULL);
-    assert(child != NULL);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < parent->child_count; i++) {
-        if (child == parent->children[i]) {
-            memcpy(&parent->children[i], &parent->children[i + 1], parent->child_count - i - 1);
-            parent->child_count--;
-            return child;
-        }
-    }
-
-    WARN("Node not a child of parent");
-
-    return child;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
+    AST_delete_node(node->children[i]);
+  }
 }
 
 static void __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(struct AST_Node_t *root,
diff --git a/src/ast/ast.h b/src/ast/ast.h
index 13437ea..0bb9c6e 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.h
+++ b/src/ast/ast.h
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ struct AST_Node_t {
   // number of child nodes ownd by this node
   // length of children array
   size_t child_count;
-  size_t child_cap;
   // variable amount of child nodes
   struct AST_Node_t **children;
 };
@@ -91,8 +90,6 @@ void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *);
 // add a new child node
 void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child);
 
-AST_NODE_PTR AST_detach_node(AST_NODE_PTR parent, AST_NODE_PTR child);
-
 // get a specific child node
 struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx);
 

From efeb4821284c73b5d4f789a3ffc6a074f4598cb0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 22:10:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 27/31] removed gc

---
 src/gc/gc.c     | 113 ------------------------------------------------
 src/gc/gc.h     |  24 ----------
 src/lex/lexer.l |   1 -
 src/main.c      |  75 ++++++++++++++------------------
 src/sys/log.h   |   1 -
 5 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 182 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/gc/gc.c
 delete mode 100644 src/gc/gc.h

diff --git a/src/gc/gc.c b/src/gc/gc.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 7648655..0000000
--- a/src/gc/gc.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by servostar on 5/7/24.
-//
-
-#include <gc/gc.h>
-#include <sys/log.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#undef malloc
-#undef free
-#undef realloc
-
-#define GC_HEAP_PREALLOC_CNT 10
-
-typedef struct GC_Heap_Statistics_t {
-    size_t bytes;
-} GC_Heap_Statistics;
-
-static struct GC_Heap_t {
-    RAW_PTR* blocks;
-    size_t cap;
-    size_t len;
-    GC_Heap_Statistics statistics;
-} GC_GLOBAL_HEAP;
-
-static void __GC_teardown(void) {
-    INFO("Used %ld bytes in total", GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.statistics.bytes);
-
-    if (GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks == NULL) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len; i++) {
-        free(GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[i]);
-    }
-
-    free(GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks);
-
-    GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks = NULL;
-}
-
-static void __GC_check_init(void) {
-    if (GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks == NULL) {
-        GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.cap = GC_HEAP_PREALLOC_CNT;
-        const size_t bytes = sizeof(RAW_PTR) * GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.cap;
-        GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks = malloc(bytes);
-        GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-void GC_init(void) {
-    atexit(__GC_teardown);
-}
-
-static void __GC_check_overflow(void) {
-    if (GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len >= GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.cap) {
-        GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.cap += GC_HEAP_PREALLOC_CNT;
-        const size_t bytes = sizeof(RAW_PTR) * GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.cap;
-        GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks = realloc(GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks, bytes);
-    }
-}
-
-RAW_PTR GC_malloc(const size_t bytes) {
-    const RAW_PTR ptr = malloc(bytes);
-
-    if (ptr == NULL) {
-        FATAL("unable to allocate memory");
-    }
-
-    __GC_check_init();
-    __GC_check_overflow();
-
-    GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len++] = ptr;
-
-    GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.statistics.bytes += bytes;
-
-    return ptr;
-}
-
-static void __GC_swap_ptr(RAW_PTR old, RAW_PTR new) {
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len; i++) {
-        if (GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[i] == old) {
-            GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[i] = new;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-RAW_PTR GC_realloc(RAW_PTR ptr, size_t bytes) {
-    const RAW_PTR new_ptr = (RAW_PTR) realloc(ptr, bytes);
-
-    if (new_ptr == NULL) {
-        FATAL("unable to reallocate memory");
-    }
-
-    __GC_swap_ptr(ptr, new_ptr);
-
-    return new_ptr;
-}
-
-void GC_free(RAW_PTR ptr) {
-    DEBUG("freeing memory: %p", ptr);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len; i++) {
-
-        if (ptr == GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[i]) {
-            free(GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[i]);
-
-            GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len--;
-
-            memcpy(&GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[i], &GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.blocks[i + 1], GC_GLOBAL_HEAP.len - i);
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/gc/gc.h b/src/gc/gc.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6fe17a3..0000000
--- a/src/gc/gc.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by servostar on 5/7/24.
-//
-
-#ifndef GC_H
-#define GC_H
-
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#define malloc GC_malloc
-#define free GC_free
-#define realloc GC_realloc
-
-typedef void* RAW_PTR;
-
-void GC_init(void);
-
-RAW_PTR GC_malloc(size_t bytes);
-
-RAW_PTR GC_realloc(RAW_PTR ptr, size_t bytes);
-
-void GC_free(RAW_PTR ptr);
-
-#endif //GC_H
diff --git a/src/lex/lexer.l b/src/lex/lexer.l
index 129af69..8823195 100644
--- a/src/lex/lexer.l
+++ b/src/lex/lexer.l
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 %{
     #include <yacc/parser.tab.h>
     #include <sys/log.h>
-    #include <gc/gc.h>
 
     int yyLineNumber = 1;
     int yylex();
diff --git a/src/main.c b/src/main.c
index 0b56d88..03ab6b9 100644
--- a/src/main.c
+++ b/src/main.c
@@ -1,82 +1,71 @@
+#include <ast/ast.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
 #include <yacc/parser.tab.h>
-#include <ast/ast.h>
-#include <gc/gc.h>
 
 #define LOG_LEVEL LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG
 
-extern FILE* yyin;
+extern FILE *yyin;
 
 /**
  * @brief Log a debug message to inform about beginning exit procedures
  *
  */
-void notify_exit(void)
-{
-    DEBUG("Exiting gemstone...");
-}
+void notify_exit(void) { DEBUG("Exiting gemstone..."); }
 
 /**
  * @brief Closes File after compiling.
  *
  */
 
-void close_file(void)
-{
-    if (NULL != yyin)
-    {
-        fclose(yyin);
-    }
+void close_file(void) {
+  if (NULL != yyin) {
+    fclose(yyin);
+  }
 }
 
 /**
  * @brief Run compiler setup here
  *
  */
-void setup(void)
-{
-    // setup preample
+void setup(void) {
+  // setup preample
 
-    log_init();
-    DEBUG("starting gemstone...");
+  log_init();
+  DEBUG("starting gemstone...");
 
 #if LOG_LEVEL <= LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG
-    atexit(&notify_exit);
+  atexit(&notify_exit);
 #endif
 
-    // actual setup
-    AST_init();
+  // actual setup
+  AST_init();
 
-    GC_init();
-
-    DEBUG("finished starting up gemstone...");
+  DEBUG("finished starting up gemstone...");
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
-    setup();
-    atexit(close_file);
+  setup();
+  atexit(close_file);
 
-    // Check for file input as argument
-    if (2 != argc)
-    {
-        INFO("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]);
-        PANIC("No File could be found");
-    }
+  // Check for file input as argument
+  if (2 != argc) {
+    INFO("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]);
+    PANIC("No File could be found");
+  }
 
-    // filename as first argument
-    char *filename = argv[1];
+  // filename as first argument
+  char *filename = argv[1];
 
-    FILE *file = fopen(filename, "r");
+  FILE *file = fopen(filename, "r");
 
-    if (NULL == file)
-    {
-        PANIC("File couldn't be opened!");
-    }
-    yyin = file;
+  if (NULL == file) {
+    PANIC("File couldn't be opened!");
+  }
+  yyin = file;
 
-    yyparse();
+  yyparse();
 
-    return 0;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/sys/log.h b/src/sys/log.h
index 3b4f7ed..64e8d44 100644
--- a/src/sys/log.h
+++ b/src/sys/log.h
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #define _SYS_ERR_H_
 
 #include <stdio.h>
-#include <gc/gc.h>
 
 #define LOG_DEFAULT_STREAM stderr
 

From dd4d70829e6fd37cb94012426e86b3553f9d460e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Fri, 10 May 2024 13:00:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 28/31] added more documentation to AST header

---
 src/ast/ast.h | 77 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/ast/ast.h b/src/ast/ast.h
index 0bb9c6e..767388b 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.h
+++ b/src/ast/ast.h
@@ -4,7 +4,12 @@
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 
-// Syntax elements which are stored in a syntax tree
+/**
+ * @brief The type of a AST node
+ * @attention The last element is not to be used in the AST
+ *            as it is used as a lazy way to get the total number of available
+ *            variants of this enum.
+ */
 enum AST_SyntaxElement_t {
   AST_Stmt = 0,
   AST_Expr,
@@ -57,6 +62,13 @@ enum AST_SyntaxElement_t {
   AST_ELEMENT_COUNT
 };
 
+/**
+ * @brief A single node which can be joined with other nodes like a graph.
+ * Every node can have one ancestor (parent) but multiple (also none) children.
+ * Nodes have two properties:
+ *  - kind: The type of the node. Such as AST_Expr, AST_Add, ...
+ *  - value: A string representing an optional value. Can be a integer literal for kind AST_int
+ */
 struct AST_Node_t {
   // parent node that owns this node
   struct AST_Node_t *parent;
@@ -73,33 +85,76 @@ struct AST_Node_t {
   struct AST_Node_t **children;
 };
 
+/**
+ * Shorthand type for a single AST node
+ */
 typedef struct AST_Node_t* AST_NODE_PTR;
 
-// initialize the global AST state
+/**
+ * @brief Initalize the global state of this module. Required for some functionality to work correctly.
+ */
 void AST_init(void);
 
-// return a string representation of the nodes type and its value
-// does not take into account its children or parent
+/**
+ * @brief Returns the string representation of the supplied node
+ * @attention The retuned pointer is not to be freed as it may either be a statically stored string or
+ *            used by the node after this function call.
+ * @param node to return string representation of
+ * @return string represenation of the node
+ */
 const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node);
 
-// create a new initialized (empty) node
+/**
+ * @brief Create a new node struct on the system heap. Initializes the struct with the given values.
+ *        All other fields are set to either NULL or 0. No allocation for children array is preformed.
+*  @attention parameter value can be NULL in case no value can be provided for the node
+ * @param kind the type of this node
+ * @param value an optional value for this node
+ * @return
+ */
 struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value);
 
-void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *);
+/**
+ * @brief Deallocate this node and all of its children.
+ * @attention This function will detach this node from its parent if one is present
+ *            Use of the supplied node after this call is undefined behavior
+ * @param node The node to deallocate
+ */
+void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t * node);
 
-// add a new child node
+/**
+ * @brief Add a new child node to a parent node
+ * @attention This can reallocate the children array
+ * @param owner node to add a child to
+ * @param child node to be added as a child
+ */
 void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child);
 
-// get a specific child node
+/**
+ * @brief Return a pointer to the n-th child of a node
+ * @attention Pointer to childen nodes will never change.
+ *            However, the index a node is stored within a parent can change
+ *            if a child of lower index is removed, thus reducing the childrens index by one.
+ * @param owner the parent node which owns the children
+ * @param idx the index of the child to get a pointer to
+ * @return a pointer to the n-th child of the owner node
+ */
 struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx);
 
-// visit this and all of its child nodes calling the given function
-// for every node
+/**
+ * @brief Execute a function for every child, grandchild, ... and the supplied node as topmost ancestor
+ * @param root the root to recursively execute a function for
+ * @param for_each the function to execute
+ */
 void AST_visit_nodes_recurse(struct AST_Node_t *root,
                              void (*for_each)(struct AST_Node_t *node,
                                               size_t depth));
 
-// print a graphviz diagram of the supplied node (as root node) into stream
+/**
+ * @brief Prints a graphviz graph of the node and all its ancestors.
+ * @param stream The stream to print to. Can be a file, stdout, ...
+ * @param node the topmost ancestor
+ */
 void AST_fprint_graphviz(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_t* node);
 
 #endif

From 80888fdb8d67e3e974fc9368aae0e581fdae0e71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Fri, 10 May 2024 13:49:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 29/31] added function for removing and detaching a node

---
 src/ast/ast.c | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ast/ast.h | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 55 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/ast/ast.c b/src/ast/ast.c
index 7bae47b..ca2442c 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.c
+++ b/src/ast/ast.c
@@ -134,6 +134,33 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx) {
   return child;
 }
 
+struct AST_Node_t* AST_remove_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, const size_t idx) {
+
+  struct AST_Node_t* child = owner->children[idx];
+
+  child->parent = NULL;
+
+  owner->child_count--;
+
+  // shift back every following element by one
+  for (size_t i = idx; i < owner->child_count; i++) {
+    owner->children[i] = owner->children[i + 1];
+  }
+
+  return child;
+}
+
+struct AST_Node_t* AST_detach_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, const struct AST_Node_t* child) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < owner->child_count; i++) {
+    if (owner->children[i] == child) {
+      return AST_remove_child(owner, i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  PANIC("Child to detach not a child of parent");
+  return NULL;
+}
+
 void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *node) {
   DEBUG("Deleting AST node: %p", node);
 
@@ -145,9 +172,17 @@ void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *node) {
     return;
   }
 
+  if (node->parent != NULL) {
+    AST_detach_child(node->parent, node);
+  }
+
   for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
+    // prevent detach of children node
+    node->children[i]->parent = NULL;
     AST_delete_node(node->children[i]);
   }
+
+  free(node);
 }
 
 static void __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(struct AST_Node_t *root,
diff --git a/src/ast/ast.h b/src/ast/ast.h
index 767388b..40c9af2 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.h
+++ b/src/ast/ast.h
@@ -130,6 +130,26 @@ void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t * node);
  */
 void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child);
 
+/**
+ * @brief Remove the specified child from the owner.
+ * @attention The parent of the removed node is set to NULL.
+ *            The returned pointer is still valid. It must be freed at some pointer later.
+ * @param owner Node to remove the child from
+ * @param idx the index of the child to remove
+ * @return a pointer to the child which was removed
+ */
+struct AST_Node_t* AST_remove_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, size_t idx);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Detach a child from its parent. This involves removing the child from its parent
+ *        and marking the parent of the child as NULL.
+ * @attention The returned pointer is still valid. It must be freed at some pointer later.
+ * @param owner the owner to remove the child from
+ * @param child the child to detach
+ * @return a pointer to child detached
+ */
+struct AST_Node_t* AST_detach_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, const struct AST_Node_t* child);
+
 /**
  * @brief Return a pointer to the n-th child of a node
  * @attention Pointer to childen nodes will never change.

From 12a522b0e69643d44d2c365b172e948a7c3125dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Fri, 10 May 2024 13:51:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 30/31] added missing free for child array

---
 src/ast/ast.c | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/ast/ast.c b/src/ast/ast.c
index ca2442c..ef7ce47 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.c
+++ b/src/ast/ast.c
@@ -182,6 +182,7 @@ void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *node) {
     AST_delete_node(node->children[i]);
   }
 
+  free(node->children);
   free(node);
 }
 

From 23968f7acca68e86ef3cc32f521fc0f00ae90f56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: servostar <sven.vogel123@web.de>
Date: Fri, 10 May 2024 15:09:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 31/31] required C standard is C23 refactored logger function
 names to remove underscores added function attributes

---
 CMakeLists.txt |  3 ++
 src/ast/ast.c  | 79 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/ast/ast.h  | 24 +++++++++++++--
 src/sys/log.c  | 13 +++++----
 src/sys/log.h  | 24 +++++++++------
 5 files changed, 102 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 079fc47..f4dd41f 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ project(gemstone
     DESCRIPTION "programming language compiler"
     LANGUAGES C)
 
+set(CMAKE_C_STANDARD 23)
+set(CMAKE_C_STANDARD_REQUIRED TRUE)
+
 set(GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tests)
 set(GEMSTONE_BINARY_DIR ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/bin)
 
diff --git a/src/ast/ast.c b/src/ast/ast.c
index ef7ce47..233e8da 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.c
+++ b/src/ast/ast.c
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 
 #include <ast/ast.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
+#include <assert.h>
 
 struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value) {
   DEBUG("creating new AST node: %d \"%s\"", kind, value);
+  assert(kind < AST_ELEMENT_COUNT);
 
   struct AST_Node_t *node = malloc(sizeof(struct AST_Node_t));
 
@@ -14,6 +15,8 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value
     PANIC("failed to allocate AST node");
   }
 
+  assert(node != NULL);
+
   // init to discrete state
   node->parent = NULL;
   node->children = NULL;
@@ -71,10 +74,11 @@ void AST_init() {
   lookup_table[AST_Condition] = "condition";
 }
 
-const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node) {
+const char* AST_node_to_string(const struct AST_Node_t* node) {
   DEBUG("converting AST node to string: %p", node);
+  assert(node != NULL);
 
-  const char* string = "unknown";
+  const char* string;
 
   switch(node->kind) {
     case AST_Int:
@@ -90,11 +94,15 @@ const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node) {
       string = lookup_table[node->kind];
   }
 
+  assert(string != NULL);
+
   return string;
 }
 
 void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child) {
   DEBUG("Adding new node %p to %p", child, owner);
+  assert(owner != NULL);
+  assert(child != NULL);
 
   // if there are no children for now
   if (owner->child_count == 0) {
@@ -111,15 +119,16 @@ void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child) {
     PANIC("failed to allocate children array of AST node");
   }
 
+  assert(owner->children != NULL);
+
   owner->children[owner->child_count++] = child;
 }
 
-struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx) {
+struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, const size_t idx) {
   DEBUG("retrvieng node %d from %p", idx, owner);
-
-  if (owner == NULL) {
-    PANIC("AST owner node is NULL");
-  }
+  assert(owner != NULL);
+  assert(owner->children != NULL);
+  assert(idx < owner->child_count);
 
   if (owner->children == NULL) {
     PANIC("AST owner node has no children");
@@ -135,6 +144,9 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx) {
 }
 
 struct AST_Node_t* AST_remove_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, const size_t idx) {
+  assert(owner != NULL);
+  assert(owner->children != NULL);
+  assert(idx < owner->child_count);
 
   struct AST_Node_t* child = owner->children[idx];
 
@@ -151,6 +163,10 @@ struct AST_Node_t* AST_remove_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, const size_t idx)
 }
 
 struct AST_Node_t* AST_detach_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, const struct AST_Node_t* child) {
+  assert(owner != NULL);
+  assert(child != NULL);
+  assert(owner->children != NULL);
+
   for (size_t i = 0; i < owner->child_count; i++) {
     if (owner->children[i] == child) {
       return AST_remove_child(owner, i);
@@ -158,22 +174,20 @@ struct AST_Node_t* AST_detach_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, const struct AST_N
   }
 
   PANIC("Child to detach not a child of parent");
-  return NULL;
 }
 
 void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *node) {
-  DEBUG("Deleting AST node: %p", node);
+  assert(node != NULL);
 
-  if (node == NULL) {
-    PANIC("Node to free is NULL");
-  }
+  DEBUG("Deleting AST node: %p", node);
 
   if (node->children == NULL) {
     return;
   }
 
   if (node->parent != NULL) {
-    AST_detach_child(node->parent, node);
+    const struct AST_Node_t* child = AST_detach_child(node->parent, node);
+    assert(child == node);
   }
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
@@ -186,16 +200,18 @@ void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t *node) {
   free(node);
 }
 
-static void __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(struct AST_Node_t *root,
+static void AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(struct AST_Node_t *root,
                                        void (*for_each)(struct AST_Node_t *node,
                                                         size_t depth),
-                                       size_t depth) {
+                                       const size_t depth) {
   DEBUG("Recursive visit of %p at %d with %p", root, depth, for_each);
 
+  assert(root != NULL);
+
   (for_each)(root, depth);
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < root->child_count; i++) {
-    __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(root->children[i], for_each, depth + 1);
+    AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(root->children[i], for_each, depth + 1);
   }
 }
 
@@ -203,12 +219,19 @@ void AST_visit_nodes_recurse(struct AST_Node_t *root,
                              void (*for_each)(struct AST_Node_t *node,
                                               size_t depth)) {
   DEBUG("Starting recursive visit of %p with %p", root, for_each);
-  __AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(root, for_each, 0);
+
+  assert(root != NULL);
+  assert(for_each != NULL);
+
+  AST_visit_nodes_recurse2(root, for_each, 0);
 }
 
-static void __AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_t* node) {
+static void AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(FILE* stream, const struct AST_Node_t* node) {
   DEBUG("Printing graphviz definition of %p", node);
 
+  assert(stream != NULL);
+  assert(node != NULL);
+
   fprintf(stream, "\tnode%p [label=\"%s\"]\n", (void*) node, AST_node_to_string(node));
 
   if (node->children == NULL) {
@@ -216,30 +239,36 @@ static void __AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_
   }
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
-    __AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(stream, node->children[i]);
+    AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(stream, node->children[i]);
   }
 }
 
-static void __AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_t* node) {
+static void AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(FILE* stream, const struct AST_Node_t* node) {
   DEBUG("Printing graphviz connection of %p", node);
 
+  assert(stream != NULL);
+  assert(node != NULL);
+
   if (node->children == NULL) {
     return;
   }
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < node->child_count; i++) {
     fprintf(stream, "\tnode%p -- node%p\n", (void*) node, (void*) node->children[i]);
-    __AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(stream, node->children[i]);
+    AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(stream, node->children[i]);
   }
 }
 
-void AST_fprint_graphviz(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_t* root) {
+void AST_fprint_graphviz(FILE* stream, const struct AST_Node_t* root) {
   DEBUG("Starting print of graphviz graph of %p", root);
 
+  assert(stream != NULL);
+  assert(root != NULL);
+
   fprintf(stream, "graph {\n");
 
-  __AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(stream, root);
-  __AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(stream, root);
+  AST_fprint_graphviz_node_definition(stream, root);
+  AST_fprint_graphviz_node_connection(stream, root);
 
   fprintf(stream, "}\n");
 }
diff --git a/src/ast/ast.h b/src/ast/ast.h
index 40c9af2..5129765 100644
--- a/src/ast/ast.h
+++ b/src/ast/ast.h
@@ -102,7 +102,9 @@ void AST_init(void);
  * @param node to return string representation of
  * @return string represenation of the node
  */
-const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node);
+[[maybe_unused]]
+[[gnu::nonnull(1)]]
+const char* AST_node_to_string(const struct AST_Node_t* node);
 
 /**
  * @brief Create a new node struct on the system heap. Initializes the struct with the given values.
@@ -112,6 +114,9 @@ const char* AST_node_to_string(struct AST_Node_t* node);
  * @param value an optional value for this node
  * @return
  */
+[[maybe_unused]]
+[[nodiscard("pointer must be freed")]]
+[[gnu::returns_nonnull]]
 struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value);
 
 /**
@@ -120,6 +125,8 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_new_node(enum AST_SyntaxElement_t kind, const char* value
  *            Use of the supplied node after this call is undefined behavior
  * @param node The node to deallocate
  */
+[[maybe_unused]]
+[[gnu::nonnull(1)]]
 void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t * node);
 
 /**
@@ -128,6 +135,8 @@ void AST_delete_node(struct AST_Node_t * node);
  * @param owner node to add a child to
  * @param child node to be added as a child
  */
+[[maybe_unused]]
+[[gnu::nonnull(1), gnu::nonnull(2)]]
 void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child);
 
 /**
@@ -138,6 +147,9 @@ void AST_push_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, struct AST_Node_t *child);
  * @param idx the index of the child to remove
  * @return a pointer to the child which was removed
  */
+[[maybe_unused]]
+[[nodiscard("pointer must be freed")]]
+[[gnu::nonnull(1)]]
 struct AST_Node_t* AST_remove_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, size_t idx);
 
 /**
@@ -148,6 +160,8 @@ struct AST_Node_t* AST_remove_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, size_t idx);
  * @param child the child to detach
  * @return a pointer to child detached
  */
+[[nodiscard("pointer must be freed")]]
+[[gnu::nonnull(1), gnu::nonnull(1)]]
 struct AST_Node_t* AST_detach_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, const struct AST_Node_t* child);
 
 /**
@@ -159,6 +173,8 @@ struct AST_Node_t* AST_detach_child(struct AST_Node_t* owner, const struct AST_N
  * @param idx the index of the child to get a pointer to
  * @return a pointer to the n-th child of the owner node
  */
+[[maybe_unused]]
+[[gnu::nonnull(1)]]
 struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx);
 
 /**
@@ -166,6 +182,8 @@ struct AST_Node_t *AST_get_node(struct AST_Node_t *owner, size_t idx);
  * @param root the root to recursively execute a function for
  * @param for_each the function to execute
  */
+[[maybe_unused]]
+[[gnu::nonnull(1), gnu::nonnull(2)]]
 void AST_visit_nodes_recurse(struct AST_Node_t *root,
                              void (*for_each)(struct AST_Node_t *node,
                                               size_t depth));
@@ -175,6 +193,8 @@ void AST_visit_nodes_recurse(struct AST_Node_t *root,
  * @param stream The stream to print to. Can be a file, stdout, ...
  * @param node the topmost ancestor
  */
-void AST_fprint_graphviz(FILE* stream, struct AST_Node_t* node);
+[[maybe_unused]]
+[[gnu::nonnull(1), gnu::nonnull(2)]]
+void AST_fprint_graphviz(FILE* stream, const struct AST_Node_t* node);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/sys/log.c b/src/sys/log.c
index e3a7cd6..0aeab5f 100644
--- a/src/sys/log.c
+++ b/src/sys/log.c
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
+#include <assert.h>
 
 static struct Logger_t {
     FILE** streams;
@@ -11,13 +12,15 @@ static struct Logger_t {
 
 void log_init(void)
 {
+    assert(LOG_DEFAULT_STREAM != NULL);
     log_register_stream(LOG_DEFAULT_STREAM);
 }
 
 void log_register_stream(FILE* restrict stream)
 {
-    if (stream == NULL)
-        PANIC("stream to register is NULL");
+    // replace runtime check with assertion
+    // only to be used in debug target
+    assert(stream != NULL);
 
     if (GlobalLogger.stream_count == 0)
     {
@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ static void vflogf(
     vfprintf(stream, format, args);
 }
 
-void __logf(
+void syslog_logf(
     const char* restrict level,
     const char* restrict file,
     const unsigned long line,
@@ -78,7 +81,7 @@ void __logf(
     va_end(args);
 }
 
-void __panicf(
+void syslog_panicf(
     const char* restrict file,
     const unsigned long line,
     const char* restrict func,
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ void __panicf(
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 }
 
-void __fatalf(
+void syslog_fatalf(
     const char* restrict file,
     const unsigned long line,
     const char* restrict func,
diff --git a/src/sys/log.h b/src/sys/log.h
index 64e8d44..6b8991d 100644
--- a/src/sys/log.h
+++ b/src/sys/log.h
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@
  *        This macro will print debug information to stderr and call abort() to
  *        performa a ungracefull exit. No clean up possible.
  */
-#define PANIC(format, ...) __panicf(__FILE_NAME__, __LINE__, __func__, format"\n", ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define PANIC(format, ...) syslog_panicf(__FILE_NAME__, __LINE__, __func__, format"\n", ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
 /**
  * @brief Panic is used in cases where the process is in an invalid or undefined state.
  *        This macro will print debug information to stderr and call exit() to
  *        initiate a gracefull exit, giving the process the opportunity to clean up.
  */
-#define FATAL(format, ...) __fatalf(__FILE_NAME__, __LINE__, __func__, format"\n", ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define FATAL(format, ...) syslog_fatalf(__FILE_NAME__, __LINE__, __func__, format"\n", ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
 /*
 Standard log macros. These will not terminate the application.
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ will not print.
 #define __LOG(level, priority, format, ...) \
     do { \
         if (LOG_LEVEL <= priority) \
-            __logf(level, __FILE_NAME__, __LINE__, __func__, format, ##__VA_ARGS__); \
+            syslog_logf(level, __FILE_NAME__, __LINE__, __func__, format, ##__VA_ARGS__); \
     } while(0)
 
 /**
@@ -69,10 +69,11 @@ will not print.
  * @param format the format to print following args in
  * @param ... 
  */
-void __logf(
+[[gnu::nonnull(1), gnu::nonnull(2), gnu::nonnull(4)]]
+void syslog_logf(
     const char* restrict level,
     const char* restrict file,
-    const unsigned long line,
+    unsigned long line,
     const char* restrict func,
     const char* restrict format,
     ...);
@@ -86,9 +87,11 @@ void __logf(
  * @param format the format to print following args in
  * @param ... 
  */
-void __panicf(
+[[noreturn]]
+[[gnu::nonnull(1), gnu::nonnull(3), gnu::nonnull(4)]]
+void syslog_panicf(
     const char* restrict file,
-    const unsigned long line,
+    unsigned long line,
     const char* restrict func,
     const char* restrict format,
     ...);
@@ -102,9 +105,11 @@ void __panicf(
  * @param format the format to print following args in
  * @param ... 
  */
-void __fatalf(
+[[noreturn]]
+[[gnu::nonnull(1), gnu::nonnull(3), gnu::nonnull(4)]]
+void syslog_fatalf(
     const char* restrict file,
-    const unsigned long line,
+    unsigned long line,
     const char* restrict func,
     const char* restrict format,
     ...);
@@ -120,6 +125,7 @@ void log_init(void);
  * 
  * @param stream 
  */
+[[gnu::nonnull(1)]]
 void log_register_stream(FILE* restrict stream);
 
 #endif /* _SYS_ERR_H_ */