Merge pull request #128 from Servostar/124-compile-exectuable-with-clang

124 compile exectuable with clang

.env

@@ -1 +1 @@
-SDK=0.2.5-alpine-3.19.1
+SDK=0.2.6-alpine-3.19.1

Dockerfile

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-FROM servostar/gemstone:sdk-0.2.5-alpine-3.19.1
+FROM servostar/gemstone:sdk-0.2.6-alpine-3.19.1
 LABEL authors="servostar"
-LABEL version="0.2.5"
+LABEL version="0.2.6"
 LABEL description="docker image for setting up the build pipeline on SDK"
 LABEL website="https://github.com/Servostar/gemstone"
 

README.md

@@ -1,16 +1,74 @@
 
 <div align="center">
-  <picture>
     <img alt="gemstone logo" src="https://github.com/Servostar/gemstone/assets/72654954/fdb37c1b-81ca-4e6a-a9e9-c46effb12dae" width="75%">
-  </picture>
+    <br>
+    <p>
+        Open source programming language compiler based on LLVM, GLib and GNU Bison/Flex
+        <br>
+        capable of multi target cross compilation powered by simple build system.
+    </p>
+    <br>
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/Servostar/gemstone/build-check-sdk.yaml?label=Linux"/>
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/Servostar/gemstone/msys2-cross-compile.yml?label=Windows"/>
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/github/license/Servostar/gemstone"/>
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/github/languages/count/Servostar/gemstone"/>
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/github/languages/top/Servostar/gemstone"/>
+    <br>
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/c-%2300599C.svg?style=flat&logo=c&logoColor=white"/>
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/CMake-%23008FBA.svg?&logo=cmake&color=064F8C&logoColor=white"/>
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/LLVM-%20?style=flat&color=262D3A&logo=llvm&logoColor=white"/>
 </div>
-<br>
 
-## Gemstone
+## About
 
 Gemstone is a programming language compiler (short: GSC) written in C based on flex and GNU bison.
 It uses LLVM to produce optimized native binaries for many platforms and uses its own builtin build system for more complex project management.
 
+## Architecture
+
+Gemstone is a LALR enabled non-reentrant compiler utilizing a linear flow of components. The compiler has multiple stages of operation, each representing a crucial step in compilation.
+
+```mermaid
+---
+title: GSC Architecture Overview
+---
+flowchart LR
+    lex["`**Lexical Analysis**
+        tokenization via flex`"]
+    bison["`**Syntax Analysis**
+        parsing via bison`"]
+    set["`**Semantic Analysis**
+        parse tree generation`"]
+    llvm["`**Codegen**
+        code generation via LLVM`"]
+    driver["`**Linking**
+          Linkage via Clang/GCC`"]
+    
+    start(("Start")) --> lex
+    
+    subgraph compile AST
+        lex --> bison
+    end
+    
+    subgraph Validation
+        bison --> import{"Import/Include?"}
+        import --> |yes| ast[[compile AST]] --> merge["Merge AST"] --> import
+        import --> |no| set
+        set --> llvm
+    end
+
+    stop(("End"))
+
+    subgraph Codegen
+        llvm --> lib{"Produce Library?"}
+        lib -->|no| driver --> executable(["Executable"])
+        lib -->|yes| library(["Library"])
+    end
+    
+    library --> stop
+    executable --> stop
+```
+
 ## Dependencies (build)
 
 ### Windows 11
@@ -78,33 +136,23 @@ For creating the build pipeline build the Dockerfile in the root folder of this
 Then the make targets are generated. Running `make release` will build gemstone from source in release mode.
 The generated binaries can be found either in `bin/release/gsc` or `bin/debug/gsc` depending on the chosen target.
 The following graph visualizes the build pipeline:
-```
+```mermaid
-                 SDK (environment)
+flowchart LR
-                  │
+    
-                  │ configure build environment
+    subgraph Docker 
-                  │  cmake, make, gcc, yacc, lex
+        alpine[Alpine Linux] --> sdk[SDK] --> dev[Devkit]
-                  │
+    end
-                  ▼
+    
-                 Devkit (pipeline)
+    subgraph Build 
-                  │
+        dev --> |generate parser| bison[Bison]
-                  │ create build pipeline
+        dev --> |generate lexer| flex[Flex]
-                  │  create make targets
+        bison --> cc[GCC/Clang/MSVC]
-                  ▼
+        flex --> cc
-                 Pipeline
+        cc --> debug
-     
+        cc --> release
-
+        cc --> check
-yacc (generate files)    GCC (compile)   Extra Source Files (src/*.c)
+    end
-│                             │                     │
+    
-├─ parser.tab.h ─────────────►│◄────────────────────┘
-│                             │
-└─ parser.tab.c ─────────────►│
-                              │
-lex (generate file)           │
-│                             │
-└─ lexer.ll.c  ──────────────►│
-                              │
-                              ▼
-                             gsc
 ```
 
 ## Docker images

lib/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -16,10 +16,16 @@ set(CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/../bin/std")
 # add native module libraries 
 
 file(GLOB_RECURSE STDLIB_IO_SOURCE_FILES src/io/*.c)
-add_library(io ${STDLIB_IO_SOURCE_FILES})
+add_library(gscio ${STDLIB_IO_SOURCE_FILES})
 
 file(GLOB_RECURSE STDLIB_MEM_SOURCE_FILES src/mem/*.c)
-add_library(mem ${STDLIB_MEM_SOURCE_FILES})
+add_library(gscmem ${STDLIB_MEM_SOURCE_FILES})
 
 file(GLOB_RECURSE STDLIB_OS_SOURCE_FILES src/os/*.c)
-add_library(os ${STDLIB_OS_SOURCE_FILES})
+add_library(gscos ${STDLIB_OS_SOURCE_FILES})
+
+# Complete standard library
+add_library(gscstd
+        ${STDLIB_IO_SOURCE_FILES}
+        ${STDLIB_MEM_SOURCE_FILES}
+        ${STDLIB_OS_SOURCE_FILES})

lib/src/entry/entrypoint.c

@@ -2,9 +2,6 @@
 // Created by servostar on 6/10/24.
 //
 
-extern void entry(void);
-
 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
-    entry();
     return 0;
 }

lib/src/io.gsc

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 # |         Generic Input/Output           |
 # `----------------------------------------`
 
-import "def.gsc"
+include "def.gsc"
 
 # platform specific handle to an I/O device
 # can be a file, buffer, window or something else

lib/src/mem.gsc

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 # |            Memory Management           |
 # `----------------------------------------`
 
-import "def.gsc"
+include "def.gsc"
 
 # Allocate `len` bytes of heap memory
 # Returns a pointer to the memory as `ptr`

lib/src/os.gsc

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 # |           Operating System             |
 # `----------------------------------------`
 
-import "def.gsc"
+include "def.gsc"
 
 # Return a hard coded C string identifying the underlying operating system
 # Will return one of the following:

lib/src/std.gsc

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@
 # `----------------------------------------`
 
 # standard type definitions
-import "def.gsc"
+include "def.gsc"
 
 # I/O operations
-import "io.gsc"
+include "io.gsc"
 
 # memory management
-import "mem.gsc"
+include "mem.gsc"

sdk/Dockerfile

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 FROM alpine:3.19.1
 LABEL authors="servostar"
-LABEL version="0.2.5"
+LABEL version="0.2.6"
 LABEL description="base image for building the gemstone programming language compiler"
 LABEL website="https://github.com/Servostar/gemstone"
 
 # install dependencies
-RUN apk add build-base gcc make cmake bison flex git python3 graphviz glib glib-dev llvm17-libs llvm17-dev
+RUN apk add build-base gcc clang make cmake bison flex git python3 graphviz glib glib-dev llvm17-libs llvm17-dev
 
 # create user for build
 RUN adduser --disabled-password lorang

src/ast/ast.c

@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ const char* AST_node_to_string(const struct AST_Node_t* node) {
         case AST_Ident:
         case AST_Macro:
         case AST_Import:
+        case AST_Include:
         case AST_Storage:
         case AST_Typekind:
         case AST_Sign:

src/ast/ast.h

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ enum AST_SyntaxElement_t {
     AST_AddressOf,
     AST_Dereference,
     AST_Reference,
+    AST_Include,
     AST_ELEMENT_COUNT
 };
 

src/cfg/opt.c

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <toml.h>
 #include <mem/cache.h>
+#include <link/driver.h>
 
 static GHashTable* args = NULL;
 
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ GArray* get_non_options_after(const char* command) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    GArray* array = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(const char*));
+    GArray* array = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceOpt, sizeof(const char*));
 
     GHashTableIter iter;
     gpointer key, value;
@@ -82,7 +83,6 @@ GArray* get_non_options_after(const char* command) {
     }
 
     if (array->len == 0) {
-        g_array_free(array, FALSE);
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -98,12 +98,13 @@ TargetConfig* default_target_config() {
     config->print_ast = false;
     config->print_asm = false;
     config->print_ir = false;
+    config->driver = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceOpt, DEFAULT_DRIVER);
     config->mode = Application;
     config->archive_directory = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceOpt, "archive");
     config->output_directory = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceOpt, "bin");
     config->optimization_level = 1;
     config->root_module = NULL;
-    config->link_search_paths = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(char*));
+    config->link_search_paths = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceOpt, sizeof(char*));
     config->lld_fatal_warnings = FALSE;
     config->gsc_fatal_warnings = FALSE;
     config->import_paths = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceOpt, sizeof(char*));
@@ -160,9 +161,18 @@ TargetConfig* default_target_config_from_args() {
         }
     }
 
-    // TODO: free vvvvvvvvvvvvv
+    if (is_option_set("driver")) {
+        const Option* opt = get_option("driver");
+
+        if (opt->value != NULL) {
+            config->driver = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceOpt, (char*) opt->value);
+        }
+    }
+
     char* cwd = g_get_current_dir();
-    g_array_append_val(config->link_search_paths, cwd);
+    char* cached_cwd = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceOpt, cwd);
+    g_array_append_val(config->link_search_paths, cached_cwd);
+    free(cwd);
 
     if (is_option_set("link-paths")) {
         const Option* opt = get_option("link-paths");
@@ -174,7 +184,7 @@ TargetConfig* default_target_config_from_args() {
             while((end = strchr(start, ',')) != NULL) {
 
                 const int len = end - start;
-                char* link_path = malloc(len + 1);
+                char* link_path = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceOpt, len + 1);
                 memcpy(link_path, start, len);
                 link_path[len] = 0;
 
@@ -185,7 +195,7 @@ TargetConfig* default_target_config_from_args() {
 
             const int len = strlen(start);
             if (len > 0) {
-                char* link_path = malloc(len + 1);
+                char* link_path = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceOpt, len + 1);
                 memcpy(link_path, start, len);
                 link_path[len] = 0;
 
@@ -204,14 +214,42 @@ TargetConfig* default_target_config_from_args() {
             print_message(Warning, "Got more than one file to compile, using first, ignoring others.");
         }
 
-        config->root_module = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceOpt, ((char**) files->data) [0]);
+        config->root_module = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceOpt, g_array_index(files, char*, 0));
-
-        g_array_free(files, TRUE);
     }
 
     char* default_import_path = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceOpt, ".");
     g_array_append_val(config->import_paths, default_import_path);
 
+    if (is_option_set("import-paths")) {
+        const Option* opt = get_option("import-paths");
+
+        if (opt->value != NULL) {
+
+            const char* start = opt->value;
+            const char* end = NULL;
+            while((end = strchr(start, ',')) != NULL) {
+
+                const int len = end - start;
+                char* import_path = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceOpt, len + 1);
+                memcpy(import_path, start, len);
+                import_path[len] = 0;
+
+                g_array_append_val(config->import_paths, import_path);
+
+                start = end;
+            }
+
+            const int len = strlen(start);
+            if (len > 0) {
+                char* import_path = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceOpt, len + 1);
+                memcpy(import_path, start, len);
+                import_path[len] = 0;
+
+                g_array_append_val(config->import_paths, import_path);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     return config;
 }
 
@@ -229,6 +267,7 @@ void print_help(void) {
         "    --print-ir            print resulting LLVM-IR to a file",
         "    --mode=[app|lib]      set the compilation mode to either application or library",
         "    --output=name         name of output files without extension",
+        "    --driver              set binary driver to use",
         "    --link-paths=[paths,] set a list of directories to for libraries in",
         "    --all-fatal-warnings  treat all warnings as errors",
         "    --lld-fatal-warnings  treat linker warnings as errors",
@@ -238,6 +277,7 @@ void print_help(void) {
         "    --debug          print debug logs (if not disabled at compile time)",
         "    --version        print the version",
         "    --list-targets   print a list of all available targets supported",
+        "    --list-driver    print a list of all available binary driver",
         "    --help           print this help dialog",
         "    --color-always   always colorize output",
         "    --print-gc-stats print statistics of the garbage collector"
@@ -281,6 +321,21 @@ static void get_int(int* integer, const toml_table_t *table, const char* name) {
     }
 }
 
+static void get_array(GArray* array, const toml_table_t *table, const char* name) {
+    const toml_array_t* toml_array = toml_array_in(table, name);
+
+    if (toml_array) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < toml_array_nelem(toml_array); i++) {
+            toml_datum_t value = toml_string_at(toml_array, i);
+
+            if (value.ok) {
+                char* copy = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceOpt, value.u.s);
+                g_array_append_val(array, copy);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 static int parse_project_table(ProjectConfig *config, const toml_table_t *project_table) {
     DEBUG("parsing project table...");
 
@@ -297,7 +352,7 @@ static int parse_project_table(ProjectConfig *config, const toml_table_t *projec
     // author names
     toml_array_t *authors = toml_array_in(project_table, "authors");
     if (authors) {
-        config->authors = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(char *));
+        config->authors = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceOpt, sizeof(char *));
 
         for (int i = 0;; i++) {
             toml_datum_t author = toml_string_at(authors, i);
@@ -328,7 +383,7 @@ static int get_mode_from_str(TargetCompilationMode* mode, const char* name) {
         *mode = Library;
         return PROJECT_OK;
     }
-    printf("Invalid project configuration, mode is invalid: %s\n\n", name);
+    print_message(Error, "Invalid project configuration, mode is invalid: %s", name);
     return PROJECT_SEMANTIC_ERR;
 }
 
@@ -343,6 +398,7 @@ static int parse_target(const ProjectConfig *config, const toml_table_t *target_
     get_bool(&target_config->print_asm, target_table, "print_asm");
     get_bool(&target_config->print_ir, target_table, "print_ir");
 
+    get_str(&target_config->driver, target_table, "driver");
     get_str(&target_config->root_module, target_table, "root");
     get_str(&target_config->output_directory, target_table, "output");
     get_str(&target_config->archive_directory, target_table, "archive");
@@ -357,6 +413,15 @@ static int parse_target(const ProjectConfig *config, const toml_table_t *target_
     if (err != PROJECT_OK) {
         return err;
     }
+    char* cwd = g_get_current_dir();
+    char* cached_cwd = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceOpt, cwd);
+    free(cwd);
+
+    g_array_append_val(target_config->link_search_paths, cached_cwd);
+    get_array(target_config->link_search_paths, target_table, "link-paths");
+
+    g_array_append_val(target_config->import_paths, cached_cwd);
+    get_array(target_config->import_paths, target_table, "import-paths");
 
     g_hash_table_insert(config->targets, target_config->name, target_config);
 
@@ -372,16 +437,16 @@ static int parse_targets(ProjectConfig *config, const toml_table_t *root) {
         return PROJECT_SEMANTIC_ERR;
     }
 
-    config->targets = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    config->targets = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceOpt, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_TARGETS_PER_PROJECT; i++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < toml_table_ntab(targets); i++) {
         const char *key = toml_key_in(targets, i);
 
         if (key == NULL)
             break;
 
         toml_table_t *target = toml_table_in(targets, key);
-        parse_target(config, target, key);
+        parse_target(config, target, mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceOpt, (char*) key));
     }
 
     return PROJECT_OK;
@@ -393,8 +458,7 @@ int load_project_config(ProjectConfig *config) {
     FILE *config_file = fopen(PROJECT_CONFIG_FILE, "r");
     if (config_file == NULL) {
         print_message(Error, "Cannot open file %s: %s", PROJECT_CONFIG_FILE, strerror(errno));
-        INFO("project file not found");
+        return PROJECT_SEMANTIC_ERR;
-        return PROJECT_TOML_ERR;
     }
 
     char err_buf[TOML_ERROR_MSG_BUF];
@@ -402,21 +466,24 @@ int load_project_config(ProjectConfig *config) {
     toml_table_t *conf = toml_parse_file(config_file, err_buf, sizeof(err_buf));
     fclose(config_file);
 
-    if (conf == NULL) {
+    if (conf != NULL) {
+        int status = PROJECT_SEMANTIC_ERR;
+        toml_table_t *project = toml_table_in(conf, "project");
+
+        if (project != NULL) {
+            if (parse_project_table(config, project) == PROJECT_OK) {
+                status = parse_targets(config, conf);
+            }
+        } else {
+            print_message(Error, "Invalid project configuration: missing project table.");
+        }
+
+        toml_free(conf);
+        return status;
+    } else {
         print_message(Error, "Invalid project configuration: %s", err_buf);
-        return PROJECT_SEMANTIC_ERR;
     }
 
-    toml_table_t *project = toml_table_in(conf, "project");
-    if (project == NULL) {
-        print_message(Error, "Invalid project configuration: missing project table.");
-    }
-
-    if (parse_project_table(config, project) == PROJECT_OK) {
-        return parse_targets(config, conf);
-    }
-
-    toml_free(conf);
     return PROJECT_SEMANTIC_ERR;
 }
 
@@ -435,9 +502,8 @@ void delete_target_config(TargetConfig* config) {
     }
     if (config->link_search_paths) {
         for (guint i = 0; i < config->link_search_paths->len; i++) {
-            free(g_array_index(config->link_search_paths, char*, i));
+            mem_free(g_array_index(config->link_search_paths, char*, i));
         }
-        g_array_free(config->link_search_paths, TRUE);
     }
     mem_free(config);
 }
@@ -447,7 +513,7 @@ void delete_project_config(ProjectConfig* config) {
         mem_free(config->name);
     }
     if (config->authors != NULL) {
-        g_array_free(config->authors, TRUE);
+        mem_free(config->authors);
     }
     if (config->desc != NULL) {
         mem_free(config->desc);
@@ -466,7 +532,7 @@ void delete_project_config(ProjectConfig* config) {
             delete_target_config(val);
         }
 
-        g_hash_table_destroy(config->targets);
+        mem_free(config->targets);
     }
 
     mem_free_from(MemoryNamespaceOpt, config);
@@ -484,3 +550,16 @@ ProjectConfig* default_project_config() {
 
     return config;
 }
+
+static void* toml_cached_malloc(size_t bytes) {
+    return mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceTOML, bytes);
+}
+
+static void toml_cached_free(void* ptr) {
+    mem_free(ptr);
+}
+
+void init_toml() {
+    INFO("setting up cached memory for TOML C99...");
+    toml_set_memutil(toml_cached_malloc, toml_cached_free);
+}

src/cfg/opt.h

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ typedef struct TargetLinkConfig_t {
     // colorize linker output
     bool colorize;
     char* output_file;
+    char* driver;
 } TargetLinkConfig;
 
 typedef enum TargetCompilationMode_t {
@@ -50,6 +51,8 @@ typedef struct TargetConfig_t {
     char* output_directory;
     // output directory for intermediate representations (LLVM-IR, Assembly, ...)
     char* archive_directory;
+    // binary driver for executable generation
+    char* driver;
     // mode of compilation
     TargetCompilationMode mode;
     // number between 1 and 3
@@ -183,4 +186,6 @@ const Option* get_option(const char* option);
 [[nodiscard("must be freed")]]
 GArray* get_non_options_after(const char* command);
 
+void init_toml();
+
 #endif //GEMSTONE_OPT_H

src/compiler.c

@@ -165,11 +165,20 @@ static void run_backend_codegen(const Module* module, const TargetConfig* target
     print_message(Info, "Compilation finished successfully");
 
     err = deinit_backend();
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        ERROR("Unable to deinit backend: %s", err.impl.message);
+    }
 }
 
 const char* get_absolute_import_path(const TargetConfig* config, const char* import_target_name) {
     INFO("resolving absolute path for import target: %s", import_target_name);
 
+    if (!g_str_has_suffix(import_target_name, ".gsc")) {
+        char* full_filename = g_strjoin("", import_target_name, ".gsc", NULL);
+        import_target_name = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceLld, full_filename);
+        g_free(full_filename);
+    }
+
     for (guint i = 0; i < config->import_paths->len; i++) {
         const char* import_directory_path = g_array_index(config->import_paths, char*, i);
 
@@ -180,15 +189,16 @@ const char* get_absolute_import_path(const TargetConfig* config, const char* imp
         const gboolean exists = g_file_test(canonical, G_FILE_TEST_EXISTS);
         const gboolean is_dir = g_file_test(canonical, G_FILE_TEST_IS_DIR);
 
+        char* cached_canonical = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceLld, canonical);
+
         g_free(path);
         g_free(cwd);
+        g_free(canonical);
 
         if (exists && !is_dir) {
-            INFO("import target found at: %s", canonical);
+            INFO("import target found at: %s", cached_canonical);
-            return canonical;
+            return cached_canonical;
         }
-
-        g_free(canonical);
     }
 
     // file not found
@@ -204,7 +214,7 @@ static int compile_module_with_dependencies(ModuleFileStack *unit, ModuleFile* f
         for (size_t i = 0; i < AST_get_child_count(root_module); i++) {
             AST_NODE_PTR child = AST_get_node(root_module, i);
 
-            if (child->kind == AST_Import) {
+            if (child->kind == AST_Import || child->kind == AST_Include) {
 
                 const char* path = get_absolute_import_path(target, child->value);
                 if (path == NULL) {
@@ -228,7 +238,9 @@ static int compile_module_with_dependencies(ModuleFileStack *unit, ModuleFile* f
                 g_hash_table_insert(imports, (gpointer) path, NULL);
 
                 gchar* directory = g_path_get_dirname(path);
-                g_array_append_val(target->import_paths, directory);
+                gchar* cached_directory = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceLld, directory);
+                g_free(directory);
+                g_array_append_val(target->import_paths, cached_directory);
             }
         }
     } else {
@@ -318,7 +330,7 @@ static void build_project_targets(ModuleFileStack *unit, const ProjectConfig *co
 
     if (targets != NULL) {
         for (guint i = 0; i < targets->len; i++) {
-            const char *target_name = (((Option*) targets->data) + i)->string;
+            const char *target_name = g_array_index(targets, const char*, i);
 
             if (g_hash_table_contains(config->targets, target_name)) {
                 build_target(unit, g_hash_table_lookup(config->targets, target_name));
@@ -327,7 +339,7 @@ static void build_project_targets(ModuleFileStack *unit, const ProjectConfig *co
             }
         }
 
-        g_array_free(targets, FALSE);
+        mem_free(targets);
     } else {
         print_message(Error, "No targets specified.");
     }

src/io/files.c

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ ModuleFile *push_file(ModuleFileStack *stack, const char *path) {
 
     // lazy init of heap stack
     if (stack->files == NULL) {
-        stack->files = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(ModuleFile*));
+        stack->files = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceStatic, sizeof(ModuleFile*));
     }
 
     ModuleFile* new_file = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceStatic, sizeof(ModuleFile));
@@ -66,9 +66,10 @@ void delete_files(ModuleFileStack *stack) {
             fclose(file->handle);
         }
 
+        mem_free((void*) file);
     }
 
-    g_array_free(stack->files, TRUE);
+    mem_free(stack->files);
     DEBUG("deleted module file stack");
 }
 
@@ -330,8 +331,11 @@ const char *get_absolute_path(const char *path) {
     DEBUG("resolving absolute path of: %s", path);
 
     char* cwd = g_get_current_dir();
-    char* canoical = g_canonicalize_filename(path, cwd);
+    char* canonical = g_canonicalize_filename(path, cwd);
     g_free(cwd);
 
-    return canoical;
+    char* cached_canonical = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceStatic, canonical);
+    g_free(canonical);
+
+    return cached_canonical;
 }

src/lex/lexer.l

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@
 "!" {DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'OpBitnot\'", yytext); return(OpBitnot);};
 "^" {DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'OpBitxor\'", yytext); return(OpBitxor);};
 "import" {DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'KeyImport\'", yytext); return(KeyImport);};
+"include" {DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'KeyInclude\'", yytext); return(KeyInclude);};
 "silent" {DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'KeySilent\'", yytext); return(KeySilent);};
 "box" {DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'KeyBox\'", yytext); return(KeyBox);};
 "typeof" {DEBUG("\"%s\" tokenized with \'FunTypeof\'", yytext); return(FunTypeof);};

src/link/clang/driver.c

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 18.07.24.
+//
+
+#include <link/clang/driver.h>
+#include <io/files.h>
+#include <mem/cache.h>
+
+bool clang_link(TargetLinkConfig* config) {
+
+    GString* commandString = g_string_new("");
+
+    g_string_append(commandString, "clang");
+
+    for (guint i = 0; i < config->object_file_names->len; i++) {
+        g_string_append(commandString, " ");
+        g_string_append(commandString, g_array_index(config->object_file_names, char*, i));
+    }
+
+    g_string_append(commandString, " -o ");
+    g_string_append(commandString, config->output_file);
+
+    print_message(Info, "invoking binary link with: %s", commandString->str);
+
+    if (system(commandString->str)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    g_string_free(commandString, true);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+BinaryDriver* clang_get_driver() {
+
+    BinaryDriver* driver = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceLld, sizeof (BinaryDriver));
+
+    driver->name = "clang";
+    driver->link_func = &clang_link;
+
+    return driver;
+}

src/link/clang/driver.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 18.07.24.
+//
+
+#ifndef GEMSTONE_CLANG_DRIVER_H
+#define GEMSTONE_CLANG_DRIVER_H
+
+#include <link/driver.h>
+
+bool clang_link(TargetLinkConfig* config);
+
+BinaryDriver* clang_get_driver();
+
+#endif // GEMSTONE_CLANG_DRIVER_H

src/link/driver.h

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 18.07.24.
+//
+
+#ifndef GEMSTONE_DRIVER_H
+#define GEMSTONE_DRIVER_H
+
+#include <cfg/opt.h>
+
+#define DEFAULT_DRIVER "clang"
+
+//! @brief Function a binary driver used to link files
+typedef bool (*driver_link)(TargetLinkConfig*);
+
+typedef struct BinaryDriver_t {
+    const char* name;
+    driver_link link_func;
+} BinaryDriver;
+
+#endif //GEMSTONE_DRIVER_H

src/link/gcc/driver.c

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 18.07.24.
+//
+
+#include <link/clang/driver.h>
+#include <io/files.h>
+#include <mem/cache.h>
+
+bool gcc_link(TargetLinkConfig* config) {
+
+    GString* commandString = g_string_new("");
+
+    g_string_append(commandString, "gcc");
+
+    for (guint i = 0; i < config->object_file_names->len; i++) {
+        g_string_append(commandString, " ");
+        g_string_append(commandString, g_array_index(config->object_file_names, char*, i));
+    }
+
+    g_string_append(commandString, " -o ");
+    g_string_append(commandString, config->output_file);
+
+    print_message(Info, "invoking binary link with: %s", commandString->str);
+
+    if (system(commandString->str)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    g_string_free(commandString, true);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+BinaryDriver* gcc_get_driver() {
+
+    BinaryDriver* driver = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceLld, sizeof (BinaryDriver));
+
+    driver->name = "gcc";
+    driver->link_func = &gcc_link;
+
+    return driver;
+}

src/link/gcc/driver.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 18.07.24.
+//
+
+#ifndef GEMSTONE_GCC_DRIVER_H
+#define GEMSTONE_GCC_DRIVER_H
+
+#include <link/driver.h>
+
+bool gcc_link(TargetLinkConfig* config);
+
+BinaryDriver* gcc_get_driver();
+
+#endif // GEMSTONE_GCC_DRIVER_H

src/link/lib.c

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 18.07.24.
+//
+
+#include <link/lib.h>
+#include <mem/cache.h>
+#include <sys/log.h>
+#include <io/files.h>
+
+#include <link/clang/driver.h>
+#include <link/gcc/driver.h>
+
+static driver_init AVAILABLE_DRIVER[] = {
+    clang_get_driver,
+    gcc_get_driver
+};
+
+static GHashTable* binary_driver = NULL;
+
+void link_init() {
+    INFO("initializing binary driver...");
+
+    if (binary_driver == NULL) {
+        binary_driver = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceLld, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+
+        for (unsigned long int i = 0; i < sizeof(AVAILABLE_DRIVER)/sizeof(driver_init); i++) {
+            BinaryDriver* driver = AVAILABLE_DRIVER[i]();
+
+            if (driver == NULL) {
+                ERROR("failed to init driver by index: %d", i);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            g_hash_table_insert(binary_driver, (gpointer) driver->name, driver);
+            INFO("initialized `%s` driver", driver->name);
+        }
+    } else {
+        PANIC("binary driver already initialized");
+    }
+}
+
+bool link_run(TargetLinkConfig* config) {
+
+    if (g_hash_table_contains(binary_driver, config->driver)) {
+        print_message(Info, "Invoking binary driver: %s", config->driver);
+
+        BinaryDriver* driver = g_hash_table_lookup(binary_driver, config->driver);
+
+        if (!driver->link_func(config))  {
+            print_message(Error, "Driver %s failed", config->driver);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+
+    } else {
+        print_message(Error, "Binary driver not available: `%s`", config->driver);
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+void link_print_available_driver() {
+    printf("Available binary driver:\n");
+
+    GHashTableIter iter;
+    gpointer key, value;
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, binary_driver);
+
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, &key, &value)) {
+
+        printf(" - %s\n", (char*) key);
+    }
+}

src/link/lib.h

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//
+// Created by servostar on 18.07.24.
+//
+
+#ifndef GEMSTONE_LIB_H
+#define GEMSTONE_LIB_H
+
+#include <link/driver.h>
+
+typedef BinaryDriver* (*driver_init)();
+
+void link_init();
+
+bool link_run(TargetLinkConfig*);
+
+void link_print_available_driver();
+
+#endif //GEMSTONE_LIB_H

src/llvm/backend.c

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <llvm/backend.h>
 #include <llvm/parser.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
+#include <mem/cache.h>
 
 Target create_native_target() {
     DEBUG("creating native target...");
@@ -54,7 +55,11 @@ static char* create_target_output_name(const TargetConfig* config) {
         prefix = "lib";
     }
 
-    return g_strjoin("", prefix, config->name, NULL);
+    char* name = g_strjoin("", prefix, config->name, NULL);
+    char* cached_name = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceLlvm, name);
+    g_free(name);
+
+    return cached_name;
 }
 
 Target create_target_from_config(const TargetConfig* config) {

src/llvm/link/lld.c

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <sys/log.h>
 #include <mem/cache.h>
 #include <sys/col.h>
+#include <link/lib.h>
 
 const char* get_absolute_link_path(const TargetConfig* config, const char* link_target_name) {
     INFO("resolving absolute path for link target: %s", link_target_name);
@@ -13,22 +14,24 @@ const char* get_absolute_link_path(const TargetConfig* config, const char* link_
     for (guint i = 0; i < config->link_search_paths->len; i++) {
         const char* link_directory_path = g_array_index(config->link_search_paths, char*, i);
 
+        INFO("searching at: %s", link_directory_path);
+
         char* path = g_build_filename(link_directory_path, link_target_name, NULL);
         char* cwd = g_get_current_dir();
         char* canonical = g_canonicalize_filename(path, cwd);
+        char* cached_canonical = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceLld, canonical);
 
         const gboolean exists = g_file_test(canonical, G_FILE_TEST_EXISTS);
         const gboolean is_dir = g_file_test(canonical, G_FILE_TEST_IS_DIR);
 
         g_free(path);
         g_free(cwd);
+        g_free(canonical);
 
         if (exists && !is_dir) {
-            INFO("link target found at: %s", canonical);
+            INFO("link target found at: %s", cached_canonical);
-            return canonical;
+            return cached_canonical;
         }
-
-        g_free(canonical);
     }
 
     // file not found
@@ -41,47 +44,54 @@ TargetLinkConfig* lld_create_link_config(__attribute__((unused)) const Target* t
     TargetLinkConfig* config = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceLld, sizeof(TargetLinkConfig));
 
     config->fatal_warnings = target_config->lld_fatal_warnings;
-    config->object_file_names = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(char*));
+    config->object_file_names = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceLld, sizeof(char*));
     config->colorize = stdout_supports_ansi_esc();
+    config->driver = target_config->driver;
 
     // append build object file
     char* basename = g_strjoin(".", target_config->name, "o", NULL);
     char* filename = g_build_filename(target_config->archive_directory, basename, NULL);
+    g_free(basename);
     const char* target_object = get_absolute_link_path(target_config, (const char*) filename);
     if (target_object == NULL) {
         ERROR("failed to resolve path to target object: %s", filename);
+        g_free(filename);
         lld_delete_link_config(config);
+        g_free(filename);
         return NULL;
     }
+    g_free(filename);
 
     {
         // output file after linking
         basename = g_strjoin(".", target_config->name, "out", NULL);
         filename = g_build_filename(target_config->output_directory, basename, NULL);
 
-        config->output_file = filename;
+        config->output_file = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceLld, filename);
+
+        g_free(basename);
+        g_free(filename);
     }
 
     g_array_append_val(config->object_file_names, target_object);
     INFO("resolved path of target object: %s", target_object);
 
-    // if it is an app, add entrypoint library
-    if (target_config->mode == Application) {
-        char* entrypoint = g_strdup("libentrypoint.a");
-        g_array_append_val(module->imports, entrypoint);
-    }
-
     // resolve absolute paths to dependent library object files
     DEBUG("resolving target dependencies...");
     for (guint i = 0; i < module->imports->len; i++) {
         const char* dependency = g_array_index(module->imports, const char*, i);
 
-        const char* dependency_object = get_absolute_link_path(target_config, dependency);
+        const char* library = g_strjoin("", "libgsc", dependency, ".a", NULL);
+
+        const char* dependency_object = get_absolute_link_path(target_config, library);
         if (dependency_object == NULL) {
-            ERROR("failed to resolve path to dependency object: %s", dependency);
+            ERROR("failed to resolve path to dependency object: %s", library);
+            print_message(Warning, "failed to resolve path to dependency object: %s", dependency);            lld_delete_link_config(config);
             lld_delete_link_config(config);
+            g_free((void*) library);
             return NULL;
         }
+        g_free((void*) library);
         g_array_append_val(config->object_file_names, dependency_object);
         INFO("resolved path of target object: %s", dependency_object);
     }
@@ -91,59 +101,16 @@ TargetLinkConfig* lld_create_link_config(__attribute__((unused)) const Target* t
     return config;
 }
 
-GArray* lld_create_lld_arguments(TargetLinkConfig* config) {
-    GArray* argv = g_array_new(TRUE, FALSE, sizeof(char*));
-
-    gchar* arg = g_strdup("ld.lld");
-    g_array_append_val(argv, arg);
-
-    if (config->fatal_warnings) {
-        arg = g_strdup("--fatal-warnings");
-        g_array_append_val(argv, arg);
-    }
-
-    if (config->colorize) {
-        arg = g_strdup("--color-diagnostics=always");
-        g_array_append_val(argv, arg);
-    }
-
-    {
-        arg = g_strjoin("", "-o", config->output_file, NULL);
-        g_array_append_val(argv, arg);
-    }
-
-    for (guint i = 0; i < config->object_file_names->len; i++) {
-        char* object_file_path = g_array_index(config->object_file_names, char*, i);
-        arg = g_strjoin("", object_file_path, NULL);
-        g_array_append_val(argv, arg);
-    }
-
-    return argv;
-}
-
 BackendError lld_link_target(TargetLinkConfig* config) {
-    DEBUG("linking target...");
-    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
 
-    GArray* argv = lld_create_lld_arguments(config);
+    if (link_run(config)) {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
 
-    INFO("Linking target...");
+    return new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL, "linking failed");
-
-    char* arguments = g_strjoinv(" ", (char**) argv->data);
-    print_message(Info, "%s", arguments);
-    g_free(arguments);
-
-    INFO("done linking target...");
-
-    g_array_free(argv, TRUE);
-
-    return err;
 }
 
 void lld_delete_link_config(TargetLinkConfig* config) {
-    for (guint i = 0; i < config->object_file_names->len; i++) {
+    mem_free(config->object_file_names);
-        free((void*) g_array_index(config->object_file_names, const char*, i));
-    }
-    g_array_free(config->object_file_names, TRUE);
     mem_free(config);
 }

src/llvm/llvm-ir/expr.c

@@ -387,6 +387,49 @@ BackendError impl_variable_load(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMLocalScope *sc
     return SUCCESS;
 }
 
+BackendError impl_parameter_load(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+                                LLVMBuilderRef builder, Parameter *parameter,
+                                LLVMBool reference,
+                                LLVMValueRef *llvm_result) {
+
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_variable = NULL;
+    if (g_hash_table_contains(scope->func_scope->params, parameter->name)) {
+        llvm_variable = g_hash_table_lookup(scope->func_scope->params, parameter->name);
+    }
+
+    Type* type;
+
+    ParameterDeclaration decl;
+
+    if (parameter->kind == ParameterDeclarationKind) {
+        decl = parameter->impl.definiton.declaration;
+    } else {
+        decl = parameter->impl.declaration;
+    }
+    type = decl.type;
+
+    if (llvm_variable == NULL) {
+        return new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL, "Variable not found");
+    }
+
+    if (decl.qualifier == In || reference) {
+        *llvm_result = llvm_variable;
+    } else {
+        // no referencing, load value
+        LLVMTypeRef llvm_type;
+
+        get_type_impl(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope, type, &llvm_type);
+
+        if (LLVMGetTypeKind(LLVMTypeOf(llvm_variable)) == LLVMPointerTypeKind) {
+            *llvm_result = LLVMBuildLoad2(builder, llvm_type, llvm_variable, "");
+        } else {
+            *llvm_result = llvm_variable;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
 BackendError impl_address_of(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
                                 LLVMBuilderRef builder, AddressOf* addressOf,
                                 LLVMValueRef *llvm_result) {
@@ -405,7 +448,12 @@ BackendError impl_deref(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
                              LLVMValueRef *llvm_result) {
     BackendError err;
 
-    LLVMValueRef llvm_pointer = get_variable(scope, dereference->variable->impl.variable->name);
+    LLVMValueRef llvm_pointer = NULL;
+    err = impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, dereference->variable, TRUE, &llvm_pointer);
+    if (err.kind != Success) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
     LLVMTypeRef llvm_deref_type = NULL;
     err = get_type_impl(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope, dereference->variable->result->impl.reference, &llvm_deref_type);
     if (err.kind != Success) {
@@ -454,6 +502,11 @@ BackendError impl_expr(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit, LLVMLocalScope *scope,
                                      reference,
                                      llvm_result);
             break;
+        case ExpressionKindParameter:
+            err = impl_parameter_load(unit, scope, builder, expr->impl.parameter,
+                                     reference,
+                                     llvm_result);
+            break;
         case ExpressionKindAddressOf:
             err = impl_address_of(unit, scope, builder, &expr->impl.addressOf,
                                   llvm_result);

src/llvm/llvm-ir/func.c

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ void delete_local_scope(LLVMLocalScope* scope) {
     free(scope);
 }
 
-static LLVMValueRef get_parameter(const LLVMFuncScope* scope,
+LLVMValueRef get_parameter(const LLVMFuncScope* scope,
                                   const char* name) {
     if (g_hash_table_contains(scope->params, name)) {
         return g_hash_table_lookup(scope->params, name);
@@ -44,11 +44,6 @@ LLVMValueRef get_variable(const LLVMLocalScope* scope, const char* name) {
         return get_variable(scope->parent_scope, name);
     }
 
-    LLVMValueRef param = get_parameter(scope->func_scope, name);
-    if (param != NULL) {
-        return param;
-    }
-
     LLVMValueRef global_var = get_global_variable(scope->func_scope->global_scope, (char*) name);
     return global_var;
 }
@@ -108,7 +103,7 @@ BackendError impl_func_type(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
     DEBUG("implementing function declaration: %s()", func->name);
     BackendError err = SUCCESS;
 
-    GArray* llvm_params = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(LLVMTypeRef));
+    GArray* llvm_params = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceLlvm, sizeof(LLVMTypeRef));
     GArray* func_params = NULL;
 
     if (func->kind == FunctionDeclarationKind) {
@@ -140,8 +135,6 @@ BackendError impl_func_type(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
 
     g_hash_table_insert(scope->functions, (char*) func->name, llvm_fun_type);
 
-    g_array_free(llvm_params, FALSE);
-
     return err;
 }
 

src/llvm/llvm-ir/func.h

@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ void delete_local_scope(LLVMLocalScope*);
 
 LLVMValueRef get_variable(const LLVMLocalScope* scope, const char* name);
 
+LLVMValueRef get_parameter(const LLVMFuncScope* scope, const char* name);
+
 LLVMBool is_parameter(const LLVMLocalScope* scope, const char* name);
 
 BackendError impl_function_types(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,

src/llvm/llvm-ir/stmt.c

@@ -12,6 +12,27 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <mem/cache.h>
 
+BackendError impl_param_load(
+        LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
+        LLVMBuilderRef builder,
+        LLVMLocalScope *scope,
+        const StorageExpr *expr,
+        LLVMValueRef* storage_target) {
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
+
+    if (expr->impl.parameter->impl.declaration.qualifier == Out || expr->impl.parameter->impl.declaration.qualifier == InOut) {
+        LLVMTypeRef llvm_type = NULL;
+        err = get_type_impl(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope, expr->impl.parameter->impl.declaration.type, &llvm_type);
+        if (err.kind != Success) {
+            return err;
+        }
+
+        *storage_target = LLVMBuildLoad2(builder, llvm_type, *storage_target, "strg.param.out.load");
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
 BackendError impl_storage_expr(
         LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
         LLVMBuilderRef
@@ -27,6 +48,10 @@ BackendError impl_storage_expr(
             *storage_target =
                     get_variable(scope, expr->impl.variable->name);
             break;
+        case StorageExprKindParameter:
+            *storage_target =
+                    get_parameter(scope->func_scope, expr->impl.parameter->name);
+            break;
         case StorageExprKindDereference:
 
             LLVMValueRef index = NULL;
@@ -41,16 +66,29 @@ BackendError impl_storage_expr(
                 return err;
             }
 
+            if (expr->impl.dereference.array->kind == StorageExprKindParameter) {
+                err = impl_param_load(unit, builder, scope, expr->impl.dereference.array, &array);
+                if (err.kind != Success) {
+                    return err;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (expr->impl.dereference.array->kind == StorageExprKindDereference) {
+                LLVMTypeRef deref_type = NULL;
+                err = get_type_impl(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope, expr->impl.dereference.array->target_type, &deref_type);
+                if (err.kind != Success) {
+                    return err;
+                }
+
+                array = LLVMBuildLoad2(builder, deref_type, array, "strg.deref.indirect-load");
+            }
+
             LLVMTypeRef deref_type = NULL;
             err = get_type_impl(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope, expr->target_type, &deref_type);
             if (err.kind != Success) {
                 return err;
             }
 
-            if (expr->target_type->kind == TypeKindReference) {
-                array = LLVMBuildLoad2(builder, deref_type, array, "strg.deref.indirect-load");
-            }
-
             *storage_target = LLVMBuildGEP2(builder, deref_type, array, &index, 1, "strg.deref");
 
             break;
@@ -73,7 +111,7 @@ BackendError impl_assign_stmt(
     DEBUG("implementing assignment for variable: %p", assignment);
 
     LLVMValueRef llvm_value = NULL;
-    err = impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, assignment->value, TRUE, &llvm_value);
+    err = impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, assignment->value, false, &llvm_value);
     if (err.kind != Success) {
         return err;
     }
@@ -206,19 +244,24 @@ BackendError impl_func_call(LLVMBackendCompileUnit *unit,
             param_list = call->function->impl.declaration.parameter;
         }
 
-        LLVMBool reference = FALSE;
+        Parameter param = g_array_index(param_list, Parameter, i);
-        Parameter parameter = g_array_index(param_list, Parameter, i);
-        if (is_parameter_out(&parameter)) {
-            reference = TRUE;
-        }
 
         LLVMValueRef llvm_arg = NULL;
-        err = impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, arg, reference, &llvm_arg);
+        err = impl_expr(unit, scope, builder, arg, is_parameter_out(&param), &llvm_arg);
 
         if (err.kind != Success) {
             break;
         }
 
+        if (is_parameter_out(&param)) {
+            if ((arg->kind == ExpressionKindParameter && !is_parameter_out(arg->impl.parameter)) || arg->kind != ExpressionKindParameter) {
+                LLVMValueRef index = LLVMConstInt(LLVMInt32Type(), 0, false);
+                LLVMTypeRef llvm_type = NULL;
+                get_type_impl(unit, scope->func_scope->global_scope, param.impl.declaration.type, &llvm_type);
+                llvm_arg = LLVMBuildGEP2(builder, llvm_type, llvm_arg, &index, 1, "");
+            }
+        }
+
         arguments[i] = llvm_arg;
     }
 

src/llvm/llvm-ir/types.c

@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ BackendError impl_types(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, LLVMGlobalScope* scope,
     gpointer key = NULL;
     gpointer val = NULL;
 
-    BackendError err;
+    BackendError err = SUCCESS;
 
     while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iterator, &key, &val) != FALSE) {
         err = impl_type_define(unit, (Typedefine*) val, (const char*)key, scope);

src/llvm/parser.c

@@ -90,10 +90,11 @@ BackendError emit_module_to_file(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
         ERROR("failed to emit code: %s", error);
         err =
             new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL, "failed to emit code");
-        LLVMDisposeMessage(error);
+
     } else {
         print_message(Info, "Generated code was written to: %s", filename);
     }
+    LLVMDisposeMessage(error);
 
     g_free((void*) filename);
     g_free((void*) basename);
@@ -124,9 +125,9 @@ BackendError export_object(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, const Target* target,
         ERROR("failed to create target machine: %s", error);
         err = new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL,
                                      "unable to create target machine");
-        LLVMDisposeMessage(error);
         return err;
     }
+    LLVMDisposeMessage(error);
 
     DEBUG("Creating target machine...");
     LLVMTargetMachineRef target_machine = LLVMCreateTargetMachine(
@@ -147,6 +148,8 @@ BackendError export_object(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit, const Target* target,
     err = emit_module_to_file(unit, target_machine, LLVMObjectFile, error,
                               config);
 
+    LLVMDisposeTargetMachine(target_machine);
+
     return err;
 }
 
@@ -223,9 +226,9 @@ static BackendError build_module(LLVMBackendCompileUnit* unit,
     char* error = NULL;
     if (LLVMVerifyModule(unit->module, LLVMReturnStatusAction, &error)) {
         print_message(Error, "Unable to compile due to: %s", error);
-        LLVMDisposeMessage(error);
         err = new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL, "LLVM backend verification error, see stdout");
     }
+    LLVMDisposeMessage(error);
 
     return err;
 }
@@ -259,9 +262,13 @@ BackendError parse_module(const Module* module, const TargetConfig* config) {
             if (config->mode == Application) {
                 TargetLinkConfig* link_config = lld_create_link_config(&target, config, module);
 
-                lld_link_target(link_config);
+                if (link_config != NULL) {
+                    err = lld_link_target(link_config);
 
-                lld_delete_link_config(link_config);
+                    lld_delete_link_config(link_config);
+                } else {
+                    err = new_backend_impl_error(Implementation, NULL, "libclang error");
+                }
             }
         }
 

src/main.c

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <compiler.h>
 #include <llvm/parser.h>
 #include <mem/cache.h>
+#include <link/lib.h>
 
 /**
  * @brief Log a debug message to inform about beginning exit procedures
@@ -38,6 +39,10 @@ void setup(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
     lex_init();
 
+    link_init();
+
+    init_toml();
+
     DEBUG("finished starting up gemstone...");
 }
 
@@ -64,6 +69,11 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         exit(0);
     }
 
+    if (is_option_set("list-driver")) {
+        link_print_available_driver();
+        exit(0);
+    }
+
     run_compiler();
 
     if (is_option_set("print-gc-stats")) {

src/mem/cache.h

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ typedef char* MemoryNamespaceName;
 #define MemoryNamespaceLex "Lexer"
 #define MemoryNamespaceLog "Logging"
 #define MemoryNamespaceOpt "Options"
+#define MemoryNamespaceTOML "TOML"
 #define MemoryNamespaceSet "SET"
 #define MemoryNamespaceLlvm "LLVM"
 #define MemoryNamespaceLld "LLD"

src/set/set.c

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include <io/files.h>
 #include <ast/ast.h>
 #include <set/types.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/log.h>
 #include <glib.h>
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ int createTypeCastFromExpression(Expression *expression, Type *resultType, Expre
 
 bool compareTypes(Type *leftType, Type *rightType);
 
-char* type_to_string(Type* type);
+char *type_to_string(Type *type);
 
 const Type ShortShortUnsingedIntType = {
         .kind = TypeKindComposite,
@@ -335,8 +334,8 @@ int createRef(AST_NODE_PTR currentNode, Type **reftype) {
     assert(currentNode->children->len == 1);
     assert(AST_get_node(currentNode, 0)->kind == AST_Type);
 
-    Type *type = malloc(sizeof(Type));
+    Type *type = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Type));
-    Type *referenceType = malloc(sizeof(Type));
+    Type *referenceType = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Type));
     referenceType->kind = TypeKindReference;
     referenceType->nodePtr = currentNode;
 
@@ -459,8 +458,8 @@ int createDef(AST_NODE_PTR currentNode, GArray **variables) {
     }
 
     if (!compareTypes(def.declaration.type, name->result)) {
-        char* expected_type = type_to_string(def.declaration.type);
+        char *expected_type = type_to_string(def.declaration.type);
-        char* gotten_type = type_to_string(name->result);
+        char *gotten_type = type_to_string(name->result);
 
         print_diagnostic(&name->nodePtr->location, Warning, "expected `%s` got `%s`", expected_type, gotten_type);
 
@@ -490,8 +489,8 @@ int createDef(AST_NODE_PTR currentNode, GArray **variables) {
     return status;
 }
 
-char* type_to_string(Type* type) {
+char *type_to_string(Type *type) {
-    char* string = NULL;
+    char *string = NULL;
 
     switch (type->kind) {
         case TypeKindPrimitive:
@@ -510,27 +509,32 @@ char* type_to_string(Type* type) {
 
             if (type->impl.composite.scale < 1.0) {
                 for (int i = 0; i < (int) (type->impl.composite.scale * 4); i++) {
-                    char* concat = g_strconcat("half ", string, NULL);
+                    char *concat = g_strconcat("half ", string, NULL);
-                    string = concat;
+                    string = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceSet, concat);
+                    g_free(concat);
                 }
             } else if (type->impl.composite.scale > 1.0) {
                 for (int i = 0; i < (int) type->impl.composite.scale; i++) {
-                    char* concat = g_strconcat("long ", string, NULL);
+                    char *concat = g_strconcat("long ", string, NULL);
-                    string = concat;
+                    string = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceSet, concat);
+                    g_free(concat);
                 }
             }
 
             if (type->impl.composite.sign == Unsigned) {
-                char* concat = g_strconcat("unsigned ", string, NULL);
+                char *concat = g_strconcat("unsigned ", string, NULL);
-                string = concat;
+                string = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceSet, concat);
+                g_free(concat);
             }
 
             break;
         }
         case TypeKindReference: {
-            char* type_string = type_to_string(type->impl.reference);
+            char *type_string = type_to_string(type->impl.reference);
-            char* concat = g_strconcat("ref ", type_string, NULL);
+            char *concat = g_strconcat("ref ", type_string, NULL);
-            string = concat;
+            mem_free(type_string);
+            string = mem_strdup(MemoryNamespaceSet, concat);
+            g_free(concat);
             break;
         }
         case TypeKindBox:
@@ -541,6 +545,18 @@ char* type_to_string(Type* type) {
     return string;
 }
 
+int getParameter(const char *name, Parameter **parameter) {
+    // loop through all variable scope and find a variable
+    if (functionParameter != NULL) {
+        if (g_hash_table_contains(functionParameter, name)) {
+            *parameter = g_hash_table_lookup(functionParameter, name);
+            return SEMANTIC_OK;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
+}
+
 int getVariableFromScope(const char *name, Variable **variable) {
     assert(name != NULL);
     assert(variable != NULL);
@@ -548,13 +564,6 @@ int getVariableFromScope(const char *name, Variable **variable) {
     DEBUG("getting var from scope");
     int found = 0;
 
-    // loop through all variable scope and find a variable
-    if (functionParameter != NULL) {
-        if (g_hash_table_contains(functionParameter, name)) {
-            *variable = g_hash_table_lookup(functionParameter, name);
-            found += 1;
-        }
-    }
     for (size_t i = 0; i < Scope->len; i++) {
 
         GHashTable *variable_table = g_array_index(Scope, GHashTable*, i);
@@ -612,6 +621,7 @@ int fillTablesWithVars(GHashTable *variableTable, const GArray *variables) {
 }
 
 [[nodiscard("type must be freed")]]
+
 TypeValue createTypeValue(AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
     DEBUG("create TypeValue");
     TypeValue value;
@@ -726,7 +736,7 @@ int createArithOperation(Expression *ParentExpression, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode,
     DEBUG("create arithmetic operation");
     ParentExpression->impl.operation.kind = Arithmetic;
     ParentExpression->impl.operation.nodePtr = currentNode;
-    ParentExpression->impl.operation.operands = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(Expression *));
+    ParentExpression->impl.operation.operands = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Expression *));
 
     assert(expectedChildCount == currentNode->children->len);
 
@@ -804,7 +814,7 @@ int createRelationalOperation(Expression *ParentExpression, AST_NODE_PTR current
     // fill kind and Nodeptr
     ParentExpression->impl.operation.kind = Relational;
     ParentExpression->impl.operation.nodePtr = currentNode;
-    ParentExpression->impl.operation.operands = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(Expression *));
+    ParentExpression->impl.operation.operands = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Expression *));
 
     // fill Operands
     for (size_t i = 0; i < currentNode->children->len; i++) {
@@ -863,7 +873,7 @@ int createBoolOperation(Expression *ParentExpression, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode)
     // fill kind and Nodeptr
     ParentExpression->impl.operation.kind = Boolean;
     ParentExpression->impl.operation.nodePtr = currentNode;
-    ParentExpression->impl.operation.operands = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(Expression *));
+    ParentExpression->impl.operation.operands = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Expression *));
 
     // fill Operands
     for (size_t i = 0; i < currentNode->children->len; i++) {
@@ -947,7 +957,7 @@ int createBoolNotOperation(Expression *ParentExpression, AST_NODE_PTR currentNod
     //fill kind and Nodeptr
     ParentExpression->impl.operation.kind = Boolean;
     ParentExpression->impl.operation.nodePtr = currentNode;
-    ParentExpression->impl.operation.operands = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(Expression *));
+    ParentExpression->impl.operation.operands = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Expression *));
 
     //fill Operand
     Expression *expression = createExpression(AST_get_node(currentNode, 0));
@@ -1015,7 +1025,7 @@ int createBitOperation(Expression *ParentExpression, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
     // fill kind and Nodeptr
     ParentExpression->impl.operation.kind = Boolean;
     ParentExpression->impl.operation.nodePtr = currentNode;
-    ParentExpression->impl.operation.operands = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(Expression *));
+    ParentExpression->impl.operation.operands = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Expression *));
 
     // fill Operands
     for (size_t i = 0; i < currentNode->children->len; i++) {
@@ -1152,7 +1162,7 @@ int createBitNotOperation(Expression *ParentExpression, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode
     //fill kind and Nodeptr
     ParentExpression->impl.operation.kind = Bitwise;
     ParentExpression->impl.operation.nodePtr = currentNode;
-    ParentExpression->impl.operation.operands = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(Expression *));
+    ParentExpression->impl.operation.operands = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Expression *));
 
     //fill Operand
     Expression *expression = createExpression(AST_get_node(currentNode, 0));
@@ -1425,7 +1435,7 @@ int createAddressOf(Expression *ParentExpression, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
         return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
     }
 
-    Type *resultType = malloc(sizeof(Type));
+    Type *resultType = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Type));
     resultType->nodePtr = currentNode;
     resultType->kind = TypeKindReference;
     resultType->impl.reference = address_of.variable->result;
@@ -1435,6 +1445,14 @@ int createAddressOf(Expression *ParentExpression, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
     return SEMANTIC_OK;
 }
 
+IO_Qualifier getParameterQualifier(Parameter *parameter) {
+    if (parameter->kind == ParameterDeclarationKind) {
+        return parameter->impl.declaration.qualifier;
+    } else {
+        return parameter->impl.definiton.declaration.qualifier;
+    }
+}
+
 Expression *createExpression(AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
     DEBUG("create Expression");
     Expression *expression = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Expression));
@@ -1455,23 +1473,33 @@ Expression *createExpression(AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
         case AST_Ident:
             DEBUG("find var");
             expression->kind = ExpressionKindVariable;
-            int status = getVariableFromScope(currentNode->value, &(expression->impl.variable));
+            int status = getVariableFromScope(currentNode->value, &expression->impl.variable);
             if (status == SEMANTIC_ERROR) {
-                DEBUG("Identifier is not in current scope");
+                expression->kind = ExpressionKindParameter;
-                print_diagnostic(&currentNode->location, Error, "Variable not found");
+                status = getParameter(currentNode->value, &expression->impl.parameter);
-                return NULL;
+                if (status == SEMANTIC_ERROR) {
-            }
+                    DEBUG("Identifier is not in current scope");
-            switch (expression->impl.variable->kind) {
+                    print_diagnostic(&currentNode->location, Error, "Unknown identifier: `%s`", currentNode->value);
-                case VariableKindDeclaration:
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+
+                if (getParameterQualifier(expression->impl.parameter) == Out) {
+                    print_diagnostic(&currentNode->location, Error, "Parameter is write-only: `%s`",
+                                     currentNode->value);
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+
+                if (expression->impl.parameter->kind == ParameterDeclarationKind) {
+                    expression->result = expression->impl.parameter->impl.declaration.type;
+                } else {
+                    expression->result = expression->impl.parameter->impl.definiton.declaration.type;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (expression->impl.variable->kind == VariableKindDeclaration) {
                     expression->result = expression->impl.variable->impl.declaration.type;
-                    DEBUG("%d", expression->impl.variable->impl.declaration.type->kind);
+                } else {
-                    break;
-                case VariableKindDefinition:
                     expression->result = expression->impl.variable->impl.definiton.declaration.type;
-                    break;
+                }
-                default:
-                    PANIC("current Variable should not be an BoxMember");
-                    break;
             }
             break;
         case AST_Add:
@@ -1603,7 +1631,7 @@ bool compareTypes(Type *leftType, Type *rightType) {
     return FALSE;
 }
 
-Type* getVariableType(Variable* variable) {
+Type *getVariableType(Variable *variable) {
     if (variable->kind == VariableKindDeclaration) {
         return variable->impl.declaration.type;
     } else {
@@ -1611,15 +1639,33 @@ Type* getVariableType(Variable* variable) {
     }
 }
 
-int createStorageExpr(StorageExpr* expr, AST_NODE_PTR node) {
+Type *getParameterType(Parameter *parameter) {
+    if (parameter->kind == ParameterDeclarationKind) {
+        return parameter->impl.declaration.type;
+    } else {
+        return parameter->impl.definiton.declaration.type;
+    }
+}
+
+int createStorageExpr(StorageExpr *expr, AST_NODE_PTR node) {
     switch (node->kind) {
         case AST_Ident:
             expr->kind = StorageExprKindVariable;
             int status = getVariableFromScope(node->value, &expr->impl.variable);
             if (status == SEMANTIC_ERROR) {
-                return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
+
+                expr->kind = StorageExprKindParameter;
+                status = getParameter(node->value, &expr->impl.parameter);
+                if (status == SEMANTIC_ERROR) {
+                    print_diagnostic(&node->location, Error, "Unknown token: `%s`", node->value);
+                    return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
+                } else {
+                    expr->target_type = getParameterType(expr->impl.parameter);
+                }
+
+            } else {
+                expr->target_type = getVariableType(expr->impl.variable);
             }
-            expr->target_type = getVariableType(expr->impl.variable);
             break;
         case AST_Dereference:
             expr->kind = StorageExprKindDereference;
@@ -1629,7 +1675,7 @@ int createStorageExpr(StorageExpr* expr, AST_NODE_PTR node) {
 
             expr->impl.dereference.index = createExpression(index_node);
             expr->impl.dereference.array = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(StorageExpr));
-            if (createStorageExpr(expr->impl.dereference.array, array_node) == SEMANTIC_ERROR){
+            if (createStorageExpr(expr->impl.dereference.array, array_node) == SEMANTIC_ERROR) {
                 return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
             }
 
@@ -1656,17 +1702,31 @@ int createAssign(Statement *ParentStatement, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
     assign.nodePtr = currentNode;
     assign.destination = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(StorageExpr));
 
-    int status = createStorageExpr(assign.destination, AST_get_node(currentNode, 0));
+    AST_NODE_PTR strg_expr = AST_get_node(currentNode, 0);
+    int status = createStorageExpr(assign.destination, strg_expr);
     if (status == SEMANTIC_ERROR) {
         return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
     }
 
+    if (strg_expr->kind == AST_Parameter) {
+        if (getParameterQualifier(assign.destination->impl.parameter) == In) {
+            print_diagnostic(&currentNode->location, Error, "Parameter is read-only: `%s`",
+                             assign.destination->impl.parameter->name);
+            return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
+        }
+    }
+
     assign.value = createExpression(AST_get_node(currentNode, 1));
     if (assign.value == NULL) {
         return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
     }
 
-    // TODO: check assignment type compatability
+    if (!compareTypes(assign.destination->target_type, assign.value->result)) {
+        print_diagnostic(&assign.value->nodePtr->location, Error, "assignment requires `%s` but got `%s`",
+                         type_to_string(assign.destination->target_type),
+                         type_to_string(assign.value->result));
+        return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
+    }
 
     ParentStatement->impl.assignment = assign;
     return SEMANTIC_OK;
@@ -1677,18 +1737,19 @@ int createStatement(Block *block, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode);
 int fillBlock(Block *block, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
     DEBUG("start filling Block");
     block->nodePtr = currentNode;
-    block->statemnts = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(Statement *));
+    block->statemnts = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Statement *));
-    GHashTable *lowerScope = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    GHashTable *lowerScope = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceSet, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
     g_array_append_val(Scope, lowerScope);
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < currentNode->children->len; i++) {
-        int signal = createStatement(block, AST_get_node(currentNode, i));
+        AST_NODE_PTR stmt_node = AST_get_node(currentNode, i);
+        int signal = createStatement(block, stmt_node);
         if (signal) {
             return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
         }
     }
 
-    g_hash_table_destroy(lowerScope);
+    mem_free(lowerScope);
     g_array_remove_index(Scope, Scope->len - 1);
 
     DEBUG("created Block successfully");
@@ -1867,7 +1928,7 @@ int createfuncall(Statement *parentStatement, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < argsListNode->children->len; i++) {
         AST_NODE_PTR currentExprList = AST_get_node(argsListNode, i);
 
-        for (int j = ((int) currentExprList->children->len)  -1; j >= 0; j--) {
+        for (int j = ((int) currentExprList->children->len) - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
             AST_NODE_PTR expr_node = AST_get_node(currentExprList, j);
             Expression *expr = createExpression(expr_node);
             if (expr == NULL) {
@@ -1889,7 +1950,7 @@ int createStatement(Block *Parentblock, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
 
     switch (currentNode->kind) {
         case AST_Decl: {
-            GArray *variable = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(Variable *));
+            GArray *variable = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Variable *));
 
             int status = createDecl(currentNode, &variable);
             if (status) {
@@ -1908,7 +1969,7 @@ int createStatement(Block *Parentblock, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
             break;
 
         case AST_Def: {
-            GArray *variable = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(Variable *));
+            GArray *variable = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Variable *));
 
             if (createDef(currentNode, &variable)) {
                 return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
@@ -2003,30 +2064,21 @@ int createParam(GArray *Paramlist, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
     if (set_get_type_impl(AST_get_node(paramdecl, 0), &(decl.type))) {
         return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
     }
-    Parameter param;
+    Parameter *param = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Parameter));
-    param.nodePtr = currentNode;
+    param->nodePtr = currentNode;
-    param.kind = ParameterDeclarationKind;
+    param->kind = ParameterDeclarationKind;
-    param.impl.declaration = decl;
+    param->impl.declaration = decl;
-    param.name = AST_get_node(paramdecl, 1)->value;
+    param->name = AST_get_node(paramdecl, 1)->value;
 
-    DEBUG("param name: %s", param.name);
+    DEBUG("param name: %s", param->name);
-    g_array_append_val(Paramlist, param);
+    g_array_append_val(Paramlist, *param);
 
-    DEBUG("create var for param");
+    if (g_hash_table_contains(functionParameter, param->name)) {
-
+        print_diagnostic(&param->nodePtr->location, Error, "Names of function parameters must be unique: %s",
-    Variable *paramvar = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Variable));
+                         param->name);
-    paramvar->kind = VariableKindDeclaration;
-    paramvar->name = param.name;
-    paramvar->nodePtr = currentNode;
-    paramvar->impl.declaration.nodePtr = currentNode;
-    paramvar->impl.declaration.qualifier = Local;
-    paramvar->impl.declaration.type = param.impl.declaration.type;
-
-    if (g_hash_table_contains(functionParameter, param.name)) {
-        print_diagnostic(&param.nodePtr->location, Error, "Names of function parameters must be unique: %s", param.name);
         return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
     }
-    g_hash_table_insert(functionParameter, (gpointer) param.name, paramvar);
+    g_hash_table_insert(functionParameter, (gpointer) param->name, param);
 
     DEBUG("created param successfully");
     return SEMANTIC_OK;
@@ -2043,7 +2095,7 @@ int createFunDef(Function *Parentfunction, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
     fundef.nodePtr = currentNode;
     fundef.name = nameNode->value;
     fundef.body = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Block));
-    fundef.parameter = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(Parameter));
+    fundef.parameter = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Parameter));
 
     DEBUG("paramlistlist child count: %i", paramlistlist->children->len);
     for (size_t i = 0; i < paramlistlist->children->len; i++) {
@@ -2106,7 +2158,8 @@ bool compareParameter(GArray *leftParameter, GArray *rightParameter) {
 int addFunction(const char *name, Function *function) {
     if (function->kind == FunctionDefinitionKind) {
         if (g_hash_table_contains(definedFunctions, name)) {
-            print_diagnostic(&function->nodePtr->location, Error, "Multiple definition of function: `%s`", function->name);
+            print_diagnostic(&function->nodePtr->location, Error, "Multiple definition of function: `%s`",
+                             function->name);
             return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
         }
         g_hash_table_insert(declaredFunctions, (gpointer) name, function);
@@ -2117,7 +2170,8 @@ int addFunction(const char *name, Function *function) {
                                            function->impl.declaration.parameter);
             // a function can have multiple declartations but all have to be identical
             if (result == FALSE) {
-                print_diagnostic(&function->nodePtr->location, Error, "Divergent declaration of function: `%s`", function->name);
+                print_diagnostic(&function->nodePtr->location, Error, "Divergent declaration of function: `%s`",
+                                 function->name);
                 return SEMANTIC_ERROR;
             }
         }
@@ -2175,7 +2229,7 @@ int createFunDecl(Function *Parentfunction, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
 
 int createFunction(Function *function, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
     assert(currentNode->kind == AST_Fun);
-    functionParameter = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    functionParameter = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceSet, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
 
     if (currentNode->children->len == 2) {
         int signal = createFunDecl(function, currentNode);
@@ -2191,7 +2245,7 @@ int createFunction(Function *function, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
         PANIC("function should have 2 or 3 children");
     }
 
-    g_hash_table_destroy(functionParameter);
+    mem_free(functionParameter);
     functionParameter = NULL;
 
     int result = addFunction(function->name, function);
@@ -2359,32 +2413,34 @@ int createTypeDef(GHashTable *types, AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
 Module *create_set(AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
     DEBUG("create root Module");
     //create tables for types 
-    declaredComposites = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    declaredComposites = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceSet, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
-    declaredBoxes = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    declaredBoxes = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceSet, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
-    declaredFunctions = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    declaredFunctions = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceSet, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
-    definedFunctions = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    definedFunctions = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceSet, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
 
     //create scope
-    Scope = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(GHashTable *));
+    Scope = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(GHashTable *));
 
     //building current scope for module
-    GHashTable *globalscope = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    GHashTable *globalscope = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceSet, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
-    globalscope = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    globalscope = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceSet, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
     g_array_append_val(Scope, globalscope);
 
     Module *rootModule = mem_alloc(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(Module));
 
-    GHashTable *boxes = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    GHashTable *boxes = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceSet, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
-    GHashTable *types = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    GHashTable *types = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceSet, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
-    GHashTable *functions = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    GHashTable *functions = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceSet, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
-    GHashTable *variables = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
+    GHashTable *variables = mem_new_g_hash_table(MemoryNamespaceSet, g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
-    GArray *imports = g_array_new(FALSE, FALSE, sizeof(const char *));
+    GArray *imports = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(const char *));
+    GArray *includes = mem_new_g_array(MemoryNamespaceSet, sizeof(const char *));
 
     rootModule->boxes = boxes;
     rootModule->types = types;
     rootModule->functions = functions;
     rootModule->variables = variables;
     rootModule->imports = imports;
+    rootModule->includes = includes;
 
     DEBUG("created Module struct");
 
@@ -2456,6 +2512,10 @@ Module *create_set(AST_NODE_PTR currentNode) {
                 DEBUG("create Import");
                 g_array_append_val(imports, AST_get_node(currentNode, i)->value);
                 break;
+            case AST_Include:
+                DEBUG("create Include");
+                g_array_append_val(includes, AST_get_node(currentNode, i)->value);
+                break;
             default:
                 INFO("Provided source file could not be parsed because of semantic error.");
                 break;

src/set/types.h

@@ -432,6 +432,7 @@ typedef enum ExpressionKind_t {
     ExpressionKindTransmute,
     ExpressionKindConstant,
     ExpressionKindVariable,
+    ExpressionKindParameter,
     ExpressionKindDereference,
     ExpressionKindAddressOf,
 } ExpressionKind;
@@ -446,6 +447,7 @@ typedef struct Expression_t {
         Transmute transmute;
         TypeValue constant;
         Variable* variable;
+        Parameter* parameter;
         Dereference dereference;
         AddressOf addressOf;
     } impl;
@@ -526,6 +528,7 @@ typedef struct Branch_t {
 
 typedef enum StorageExprKind_t {
     StorageExprKindVariable,
+    StorageExprKindParameter,
     StorageExprKindBoxAccess,
     StorageExprKindDereference,
 } StorageExprKind;
@@ -535,6 +538,7 @@ typedef struct StorageExpr_t {
     Type* target_type;
     union StorageExprImpl {
         Variable* variable;
+        Parameter* parameter;
         BoxAccess boxAccess;
         StorageDereference dereference;
     } impl;
@@ -580,6 +584,7 @@ typedef struct Module_t {
     GHashTable* variables;
     // to be resolved after the module has been parsed completely
     GArray* imports;
+    GArray* includes;
 } Module;
 
 

src/yacc/parser.y

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
 %type <node_ptr> opbool
 %type <node_ptr> opbit
 %type <node_ptr> moduleimport
+%type <node_ptr> moduleinclude
 %type <node_ptr> programbody
 %type <node_ptr> fundef
 %type <node_ptr> fundecl
@@ -109,6 +110,7 @@
 %token OpBitnot
 %token OpBitxor
 %token KeyImport
+%token KeyInclude
 %token KeySilent
 %token KeyBox
 %token FunTypeof
@@ -142,6 +144,7 @@ program: program programbody {AST_push_node(root, $2);
        | programbody {AST_push_node(root, $1);};
 
 programbody: moduleimport {$$ = $1;}
+       | moduleinclude {$$ = $1;}
        | fundef{$$ = $1;}
        | fundecl{$$ = $1;}
        | box{$$ = $1;}
@@ -328,6 +331,9 @@ funcall: Ident argumentlist {AST_NODE_PTR funcall = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_
 moduleimport: KeyImport ValStr {$$ = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Import, $2);
                                  DEBUG("Module-Import"); };
 
+moduleinclude: KeyInclude ValStr {$$ = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_Include, $2);
+                                 DEBUG("Module-Include"); };
+
 statementlist: statementlist statement  {AST_push_node($1, $2);
                                         $$ = $1;}
     | statement {AST_NODE_PTR list = AST_new_node(new_loc(), AST_StmtList, NULL);

tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -13,3 +13,5 @@ add_subdirectory(glib)
 add_subdirectory(llvm)
 add_subdirectory(project)
 add_subdirectory(cache)
+add_subdirectory(hello_world)
+add_subdirectory(driver)

tests/ast/test_ast.py

@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ def run_check_print_node():
 53 address of
 54 deref
 55 ref
+56 value
 """ == p.stdout
 
 

tests/driver/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+include(CTest)
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------- #
+# CTEST 1
+# test compilation and execution with GCC driver
+
+add_test(NAME driver_gcc
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/driver/gcc
+        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/driver/gcc/test_driver_gcc.py)
+
+add_test(NAME driver_clang
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/driver/clang
+        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/driver/clang/test_driver_clang.py)

tests/driver/clang/build.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+[project]
+name = "driver compilation test"
+version = "0.1.0"
+description = "Print a string to stdout"
+license = "GPL-2.0"
+authors = [ "Sven Vogel <sven.vogel123@web.de>" ]
+
+[target.release]
+link-paths = [ "../../../bin/std" ]
+import-paths = [ "../../../lib/src" ]
+driver = "clang"
+root = "main.gsc"
+mode = "application"
+output = "bin"
+archive = "archive"
+print_ast = false
+print_asm = false
+print_ir = false
+opt = 3

tests/driver/clang/main.gsc

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+
+import "std"
+
+fun cstrlen(in cstr: str)(out u32: len) {
+    u32: idx = 0 as u32
+
+    while !(str[idx] == 0) {
+        idx = idx + 1
+    }
+
+    len = idx
+}
+
+fun printcstr(in cstr: msg) {
+    u32: len = 0
+    cstrlen(msg)(len)
+
+    handle: stdout = 0
+    getStdoutHandle()(stdout)
+
+    u32: written = 0
+    writeBytes(stdout, msg, len)(written)
+}
+
+fun main() {
+    cstr: msg = "Hello, world!\n"
+    printcstr(msg)
+}

tests/driver/clang/test_driver_clang.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import os.path
+import subprocess
+import logging
+from logging import info
+
+
+def check_clang():
+    info("testing Clang driver...")
+
+    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+
+    p = subprocess.run(["../../../bin/check/gsc", "build", "release", "--verbose", "--driver=clang"], capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    print(p.stdout)
+
+    assert p.returncode == 0
+
+    p = subprocess.run(["bin/release.out"], capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    print(p.stdout)
+
+    assert "Hello, world!" in p.stdout
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+    info("check if binary exists...")
+    assert os.path.exists("../../../bin/check/gsc")
+
+    check_clang()

tests/driver/gcc/build.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+[project]
+name = "driver compilation test"
+version = "0.1.0"
+description = "Print a string to stdout"
+license = "GPL-2.0"
+authors = [ "Sven Vogel <sven.vogel123@web.de>" ]
+
+[target.release]
+link-paths = [ "../../../bin/std" ]
+import-paths = [ "../../../lib/src" ]
+driver = "gcc"
+root = "main.gsc"
+mode = "application"
+output = "bin"
+archive = "archive"
+print_ast = false
+print_asm = false
+print_ir = false
+opt = 3

tests/driver/gcc/main.gsc

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+
+import "std"
+
+fun cstrlen(in cstr: str)(out u32: len) {
+    u32: idx = 0 as u32
+
+    while !(str[idx] == 0) {
+        idx = idx + 1
+    }
+
+    len = idx
+}
+
+fun printcstr(in cstr: msg) {
+    u32: len = 0
+    cstrlen(msg)(len)
+
+    handle: stdout = 0
+    getStdoutHandle()(stdout)
+
+    u32: written = 0
+    writeBytes(stdout, msg, len)(written)
+}
+
+fun main() {
+    cstr: msg = "Hello, world!\n"
+    printcstr(msg)
+}

tests/driver/gcc/test_driver_gcc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import os.path
+import subprocess
+import logging
+from logging import info
+
+
+def check_gcc():
+    info("testing GCC driver...")
+
+    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+
+    p = subprocess.run(["../../../bin/check/gsc", "build", "release", "--verbose", "--driver=gcc"], capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    print(p.stdout)
+
+    assert p.returncode == 0
+
+    p = subprocess.run(["bin/release.out"], capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    print(p.stdout)
+
+    assert "Hello, world!" in p.stdout
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+    info("check if binary exists...")
+    assert os.path.exists("../../../bin/check/gsc")
+
+    check_gcc()

tests/hello_world/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+include(CTest)
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------- #
+# CTEST 1
+# test a simple project
+
+add_test(NAME hello_world
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/hello_world
+        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/hello_world/test_hello_world.py)

tests/hello_world/build.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+[project]
+name = "print C string test"
+version = "0.1.0"
+description = "Print a string to stdout"
+license = "GPL-2.0"
+authors = [ "Sven Vogel <sven.vogel123@web.de>" ]
+
+[target.release]
+link-paths = [ "../../bin/std" ]
+import-paths = [ "../../lib/src" ]
+driver = "gcc"
+root = "main.gsc"
+mode = "application"
+output = "bin"
+archive = "archive"
+print_ast = false
+print_asm = false
+print_ir = false
+opt = 3

tests/hello_world/main.gsc

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+
+import "std"
+
+fun cstrlen(in cstr: str)(out u32: len) {
+    u32: idx = 0 as u32
+
+    while !(str[idx] == 0) {
+        idx = idx + 1
+    }
+
+    len = idx
+}
+
+fun printcstr(in cstr: msg) {
+    u32: len = 0
+    cstrlen(msg)(len)
+
+    handle: stdout = 0
+    getStdoutHandle()(stdout)
+
+    u32: written = 0
+    writeBytes(stdout, msg, len)(written)
+}
+
+fun main() {
+    cstr: msg = "Hello, world!\n"
+    printcstr(msg)
+}

tests/hello_world/test_hello_world.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import os.path
+import subprocess
+import logging
+from logging import info
+
+
+def check_build_and_run():
+    info("testing compilation of hello world...")
+
+    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+
+    p = subprocess.run(["../../bin/check/gsc", "build", "release", "--verbose"], capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    print(p.stdout)
+
+    assert p.returncode == 0
+
+    p = subprocess.run(["bin/release.out"], capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    print(p.stdout)
+
+    assert "Hello, world!" in p.stdout
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+    info("check if binary exists...")
+    assert os.path.exists("../../bin/check/gsc")
+
+    check_build_and_run()

tests/input_file/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ include(CTest)
 
 add_test(NAME input_file_check
         WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/bin/check
-        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/input_file/test_input_file.py ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/input_file/test.gem)
+        COMMAND python ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/input_file/test_input_file.py ${GEMSTONE_TEST_DIR}/input_file/test.gsc)

tests/input_file/test.gem

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-
-import "std.io"
-
-fun main {
-    print("Hello, World!!!")
-}

tests/input_file/test.gsc

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+
+fun main(out int: ret) {
+    ret = 56 as int
+}